É (d)isso que eu gosto: endophoric neutrals focalization on functional approach
Focalization. Cleft sentences. Functional Linguistics. Endophoric neutral pronoun.
In this research, we investigated uses of a type of cleft sentences in Brazilian Portuguese known as clivadas propriamente ditas (CLIV), such as é (d)isso que eu gosto, é (n)isto que acredito e é (n)aquilo que acreditamos, in which focus is attributed to a neutral demonstrative pronoun of endophoric textual function (PRONtEnd). We aim to analyze functional and formal aspects concerning the use of this pattern, in order to explain: (i) the phoricity of the focal constituent (CF) PRONtEnd; (ii) the semantic type of the most frequent verbal lexemes in those CLIV; and (iii) the alternation between the use and non-use of preposition in the focal constituent, classified as oblique complement. Our theoretical support is the North American Functional Linguistics (Givón, 1984, 1995; Hopper, 1987) and we applied the principles of iconicity of iconicity and markedness (Givón, 1984, 1990, 1995) and expressiveness (Dubois; Votre, 1994). We also consider contributions from studies from other linguistic currents/perspectives on focusing and cleft sentences (Longhin, 1999; Dik, 1989; Braga, 1989), phoricity (Castilho, 2010; Koch, 2006) and verbal semantic classification (Borba, 2002; Neves, 2011). This research is qualitative and quantitative, and the data comes from the Corpus do Português NOW (News On the Web), which concentrates comments and news articles, newspapers and magazines published online. Our analysis demonstrates that the CLIV under focus comprise a mechanism that acts on communicative purposes of argumentative and descriptive orders, and that allows the focus to unfold beyond the focal constituent, via phoricity. In addition, these CLIV predominantly use: (i) PRONtEnd 'isso' in the anaphoric resumption of verbal syntagms, followed by nominal syntagms; (ii) verbs classified as State verbs (Borba, 2002) nucleating the SV of the presupposed part; and (iii) a preposition in the oblique CF, which is a structurally and cognitively marked strategy in Givonian terms and less marked in terms of expressiveness when compared to not using a preposition in the CF.