The green areas of cities, places where there is a predominance of arboreal vegetation, endowed with infrastructure, with aesthetic, ecological and leisure functions, fulfill an important environmental, biodiversity and health promotion function. At the same time, they are spaces that promote well-being and quality of life for residents, stimulating social interactions, leisure practices, sports and recreational activities. Considering the potential benefits of these places to the quality of life, the present study sought to analyze the appropriation and perception of the users of the Bosque dos Namorados-Natal/RN, understanding that the analysis of the way this place is perceived by people can increase the evaluation studies and propose the creation of new green areas. The research methodology adopts the qualitative-quantitative method, through the descriptive and explanatory level, characteristics of case studies, made possible by perception research (Gil, 2008; Alves-Mazzotti, 2006). As for the research techniques used, the following were adopted: integrative systematic review, fieldwork with direct observation, image recording and semi-structured questionnaire. From the reading and analysis of the studies of the systematic review, it was possible to categorize the benefits of green areas in terms of aspects inherent to social factors, the physical environment and fauna and flora. It was observed with the results of the research that the interviewees understand as the main benefit of green areas the proximity to the elements that make up the natural environment, such as living in wooded areas. The experience in these places, attributed to leisure activities, recreation and physical activities, practiced mainly under social interactions, refers to feelings of tranquility, peace and well-being. It was also concluded that although the users are satisfied with the Forest in general, they perceive the infrastructure aspects as deficient, as well as demand the realization of a greater number of events. Even taking into account the importance of green areas in cities, as foreseen in their creation in urban planning plans, it was observed that users are dissatisfied with the green areas arranged in the vicinity of their homes, located mainly in neighborhoods other than the Bosque. Thus, it is important to highlight the need for public policies aimed at leisure to ensure that the population has access to green areas, equipped with adequate infrastructure, with the potential to carry out activities, accessible and close to homes, enabling people's identity with public spaces.

The research has as general objective to know the role of women farmers guardians of creole seeds and their dynamics in seed houses to ensure food security and territorial development in the territory of Mato Grande, Large northern river. Therefore, the object of study of this work will be the guardians of Creole seeds, belonging to communities and rural settlements in the cited territory. As a research question, it seeks to question whether the activities carried out by the territory's seed guardians have contributed to the promotion food and nutrition security and territorial development. As methodological procedures, the research will feature interviews semi-structured, carried out with the women guardians of seeds, to collect data referring to the identification of these women and to study the trajectory of the group of women. Documentary research will be used to know the housing policy of seeds of the Associação do Semiárido (ASA), as well as the state policy of Creole seeds from RN. A characterization of the area of study, with the identification of seed houses that belong to the territory (how many and which ones). The main debates that underlie the research involve sustainable agrifood systems, public policies and territorial development, food and nutrition security and gender and ruralities, highlighting the role of women farmers in building systems sustainable agrifood.

The walkability and the concern with the human scale has been gaining prominence with the emergence of the debate regarding sustainable cities and the improvement of the quality of urban life. Walking is the main mode of transportation carried out in Brazilian cities. However, the current way of planning cities leads to the subordination of urban space to the automobile's logic. Walkability is a feature that allows us to
understand how much the built environment encourages walking or not, reflecting on
the choice of routes when traveling on foot. Thus, the current paper aims at the relation between walkability and the built environment and how can the quality of this environment influence the choice to walking. In this regard, how does the built environment influence the walking conditions in the city of Mossoró/RN? Furthermore, what characteristics of the built environment determine the choice of pedestrian routes when traveling on foot? This research features a qualitative study considering the Case Study as an investigation method covering primary data from field data collection. The methodological's approach is arranged into three stages: the measurement of the built environment's attributes; mapping of pedestrian behavior patterns; and an overview of the empirical data collected in a thematic maps' series, in order to provide a visual panorama of the issue studied in space. Lastly, the correlation of walkability and the pedestrian movements will provide
insights to understanding the influence of the built environment on walking.

The right to housing and the right to the city are basic human rights, essential for guaranteeing human dignity, and which are part of the existential minimum. Decent housing and access to a sustainable city, however, are still objectives to be achieved by the Brazilian State, a country marked by social chasms, which have historical roots and which were aggravated by the unbridled urbanization process that devastated the country from the mid-19th century onwards. of the last century. As a result of the uneven urbanization process, slums, tenements, spaces of poverty, and self-construction of housing emerged. A possible path to the issue of urban informality and urban exclusion is urban land regularization, a policy that aims to improve the quality of urban life of the population, with the implementation of public services, infrastructure and land legalization. This, however, is only one point of view about this policy, which is conceived by some theorists and public agents only under the aspect of land legalization. In the period between 2001 and 2016, a conception of land and urban regularization prevailed in Brazil based on the association between urban improvement projects, registry titling and housing improvements, the so-called “Brazilian Formula”. However, the new Brazilian political directions gave rise to the publication of Federal Law No. 13,465-2017, which changed the paradigm of land regularization in Brazil, which ceased to privilege environmental, social and urbanistic aspects, moving to a model focused on registry titling. It is in the face of this problem, which gives rise to studies on the effects of Law nº 13.465/2017 in concrete cases, that the present research seeks to understand the consequences of the implementation of the land regularization policy in the municipality of Natal/RN, in view of the changes promoted by the Law nº 13.465/2017 and in the light of the rights to housing and the city, using as a parameter the cases of the communities África and Passo da Pátria, between 2015 and 2023. In the methodological aspect, a comparative study was used, seeking approximations and differences between the REURB-S processes in Africa and Passo da Pátria, in Natal/RN. Research techniques include a bibliographic survey, document analysis, direct observations and interviews with public agents and residents of the studied communities. The results obtained allow the conclusion that the premise was confirmed, when verifying, in two practical cases, the deficient protection of the rights to housing and to the city, in the land regularization policy in the municipality of Natal/RN, with the Reurb-S from Africa and Passo da Pátria were carried out solely with a focus on the registration title.

This dissertation discusses the participation of the feminist movement as a proactive and strategic actor in ensuring public policies. It begins with a historical reconstruction that takes into account the emergence of policies for women with the country's redemocratization and the paths taken to develop them in the municipality of Natal. The role of specific government agencies for women's policies is highlighted, as well as the influence of feminists, who advocate specific demands as imperative to promote gender equality in the policies of governmental and non-governmental institutions. The conceptual discussion addresses the role of the feminist movement in public policies. The chosen methodological approach is fundamentally qualitative research, utilizing the pathway for information collection: documentary research and semi-structured interviews. Action research was also considered an option as part of the methodology, enabling the inclusion of characteristic elements from both everyday practices and scientific research into the discussion. The factors in the research process were identified through interviews with feminist movement activists, women parliamentarians, and managers of institutions within the Network to Combat Violence Against Women, involved with the National Pact to Combat Violence Against Women, created in 2007 and adopted in the municipality of Natal in 2009. It is concluded that, amidst the constraints and opportunities experienced from the daily routines of managers engaged in executing public policies for women and the feminist movement, the development of a shared agenda for advancements in women's policies still remains distant from the envisioned goal: the cessation of inequalities between men and women in the capital city of Natal.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to analyze the Food (In)Security of residents of the Bela Vista Piató quilombola community and reflect on the relationship with socio-environmental issues and the impacts of climate change at Lagoa do Piató in Assu/RN, which has historically been a production site of food. The quilombola community located in the Potiguar semi-arid region has faced major challenges with climatic and socio-environmental issues that threaten economic activities, in addition to changing dynamics and productive relationships, directly affecting food production. The research was divided into stages, in addition to the theoretical framework built from analytical categories such as: semiarid region, climate change, food and nutrition security, rural communities and artisanal fisheries, a case study was made possible. The methodology consisted of participant observation in meetings of the Quilombola Community Association of Bela Vista Piató, in exploratory interviews with the objective of knowing the perception of residents about environmental issues and possible climate associations. Regarding the residents' food consumption, questionnaires were applied, including aspects about the residents' perception and questions to directly measure food and nutritional security in the dimension of regular and permanent access to food by the population, through the so-called Scale Brazilian Association of Food Insecurity (EBIA). Finally, in the analyses, it was associated with climate projections for the region and the food consumption of the studied community in an interdisciplinary and qualitative perspective. There was a prevalence of 96.1% (n=98) of residents in a situation of food insecurity: Of the individuals who lived in a situation of food insecurity, 46.07% (n=47) were fishermen and 47.05% ( n=48) were farmers. Regarding the perception of residents in relation to climate change, 77.45% (n=79) perceive them when relating the difficulties to perform their functions as a result of these. There is a prevalence of food insecurity of 73.52% (n=75) of households headed by quilombola women.

The changes brought about by the inclusion of new information and communication technologies in people's daily from the third industrial revolution reached several sectors in recent decades, including the Brazilian federal public administration. Based on the aforementioned technologies associated with the internet, the Federal Government of Brazil assumed, through the Digital Governance Policy, the commitment to transform the provision of public services and, as a consequence, it is inevitable that the work dynamics of public servants will change. Therefore, the transformations implemented by the Digital Government and their impact on the work of federal servants are the central object of this study. The starting question for the development of the research is “How does the process of digital transformation of the public service impact the work dynamics of federal servants?” The hypothesis supported is that the process of digitalization of technical services, in addition to having caused an intensification of the tasks performed by the servers, has demanded from these workers a certain versatility and quick adaptations to the new information and communication technologies, without them being receive training and adequate support from the bodies to which they are linked to deal with the changes. The objective of this study is to understand how the acceleration of the digital transformation of the Brazilian public service changed the work dynamics of the servers of federal educational institutions, considering the case of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Central (Natal/RN), between the years 2016 and 2022. The research consists, therefore, of a case study to be developed in the referred institution. It starts from a qualitative approach and will use semi-structured interviews with university employees to obtain the primary data that will support the study. The support of secondary data is on account of the documentary examination (federal legislation and institutional plans), as well as a theoretical reference consistent with the subject under study. It is expected that, at the end of the research, the main changes caused by the digital transformation in the work performance of the studied municipality will be clear.

The political mobilization of the black movement enabled racial inequality in access to higher education to be recognized as a problem by decision-makers, allowing affirmative action policies for undergraduate courses to reach the decision agenda of state and federal governments. With the change in the racial profile of undergraduate students, the mobilization for affirmative action in graduate courses intensified, which also reached the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. This reasearch aims at understanding the formation of the agenda and the disputes involving the implementation of racial quotas in UFRN graduate courses based on the theoretical model of multiple streams, proposed by Kingdon (2014). The specific objectives are 1) to investigate the presence or absence of racial inequality in the UFRN graduate student body; 2) to apply the multiple streams model to verify its explanatory capacity for the chosen empirical case; 3) to analyze the role of black activists as non-governmental actors to the agenda definition process of racial quotas in graduate courses at UFRN and their relationship with other actors. The methodological path is based on 1) quantitative analysis of secondary data made available by the Plataforma Dados Abertos da UFRN; 2) carrying out semi-structured interviews; 3) thematic analysis of the interviews; and 4) documentary analysis of official documents, publications on social media and news. As results, we identify 1) the presence of inequality between white and black students in access to master's and doctoral courses at UFRN among the years 2000 and 2020; 2) the streams proposed by Kingdon were activated, opening a window of opportunity for the problem to enter the decision agenda of UFRN; 3) the black movement acted as a policy entrepreneur in the UFRN mobilization process, coordinating actors and presenting alternatives to solve the problem. From a substantive point of view, the research reveals that access for black people to master's and doctoral courses at UFRN between the years 2000 and 2020 increased, even though racial inequalities are still present in more prestigious courses and doctoral courses.. Finally, it is concluded that the multiple streams model is capable of explaining the formation of the affirmative action agenda for graduate courses at UFRN.

The trajectory between the moment of relocation and resettlement of families from the Irmã Terezinha Housing Complex in Recife reveals a scenario of conflicting interests involving the State and the population. On one side, the public authority, acting on behalf of the Sanitation Department (SESAN), and on the other, the residents of the Beberibe River community, Chão de Estrelas, eagerly awaiting the housing units (UHs). Chão de Estrelas is spatially situated within this disputed territory and subject to infrastructure intervention in the sanitation works of the Beberibe PAC UE 21 - Sewage Treatment Unit, within the urban area of the city. The resettlement of the 69 houses in the complex, delivered between 2014 and 2018, was marked by aspirations and uncertainties regarding the manner in which the residents were relocated, lacking clarity on the criteria for prioritizing families, as well as the absence of a guarantee of staying in their place of origin and building their social relationships: their neighborhood. However, interactions between residents, community leaders, and technicians during the relocation process (from community to housing complex) took place amid tensions within the same territory. This defines the characteristics and roles of urban social actors and the specifics of shaping the living space. Therefore, the objective of this work is to comprehend the implications of urban social conflicts in the management of the space of social reproduction, contributing to discussions about the right to housing and housing access policies. The Socioterritorial Registry, family relocation, and the present day define the temporal scope and allow for the reconstruction of the housing resettlement trajectory. A triangulation of methods was used to gather empirical information: 1 - Database Research (institutional websites, laws, records, and official documents); 2 - Interviews with public administration officials and community leaders and Focus Groups with the residents' committee; and 3 - Ethnographic Elements, through participant observation, based on descriptive principles to conduct a reflective analysis of the actions undertaken in the lived environment. The combination of these research techniques and data collection methods provided comprehensive information and increased the study's credibility within a multifaceted reality. It was observed that this reality showcases the various forces at play within the territory and how different actors relate to one another in the context of power struggles during the resettlement process of the Irmã Terezinha Housing Complex. These dynamics played a significant role in shaping approaches to meet the housing needs of the population and in the appropriation of living conditions.

Climate change is a socio-environmental risk, with impacts, above all, on those social and environmental systems that are most vulnerable, although they are not the main ones responsible for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, contributing to global warming and, thus, to climate change in a more rapid and accelerated manner. Thus, these systems are inserted in contexts of socio-environmental and climate injustices, because they are the ones that contribute the least to the changes in the environment and climate, but suffer the most from their impacts. These systems also tend to be inserted in contexts of energy injustice: that is, while these systems are more socially and environmentally vulnerable, they are also the ones that suffer most from the lack of access to energy supply systems, for example. In this sense, it is necessary to understand what has been done by governments and other actors (such as the private sector and civil society) to address these vulnerabilities. As an alternative, emerging renewable energies (wind and solar) are put forward as an approach to mitigate CO2 emissions, rather than climate adaptation. In light of this contextualization, the overall objective of this PhD thesis is to investigate how the states of Bahia, Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte build adaptive capacities to climate change by incorporating renewable energies as strategies from the point of view of climate mitigation and, above all, climate adaptation. In order to carry out this analysis, case studies were developed in Bahia, Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte, in the Northeast of Brazil, using documentary research, secondary data and field research, with the application of semi-structured interview scripts to government, private sector and civil society actors that are integrated to climate and energy issues in the investigated states. Data analysis is carried out through content analysis. The results of this research unfold in the following findings: 1. Although the analyzed states are highly vulnerable to climate threats, they are not the main contributors to CO2 emissions in the Brazilian Northeast panorama, presenting, on the other hand, the emerging renewable energies as an ally in this sense. This is because they are territories highly producers of these sources, contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions, but also with climate adaptation; 2. The state public policies on renewable energy and climate change have a number of gaps and obstacles, with the need to strengthen them so that it is possible to build a response capacity to climate change by these states, incorporating renewable energy as a strategy, mainly, of climate adaptation; and 3. The investigated states do not present adaptive capacities to climate change, nor do they consider incorporating renewable energies as a strategic goal for the construction and effectiveness of these capacities, mitigating vulnerabilities and socio-environmental risks. Based on these results, we conclude that climate adaptive capacity in Bahia, Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte is challenging for their governments, without integration with other social actors, even in a territorial context of high production of wind and solar energies, where these sources are not understood as a mitigation approach, nor as an adaptation one.

Changes on the way to consolidation and deepening of the decentralization process concern both the establishment of new frontiers of competence for the three levels of government and the resizing of the system for sharing national revenues between the union, states and municipalities. Subnational governments, especially local governments, have taken on an increasingly important role in terms of accountability for the delivery of public services. Given the reality, which has already been widely verified, of the transfer and incorporation by municipal entities of a varied set of attributions and given that, in addition and to a certain extent, this context of municipal accountability is supported, regardless of the level of sufficiency, by an increase in the fiscal structure of the municipalities, the researcher is interested in better understanding how specific aspects of public policy production corroborate the effectiveness of the actions of municipal governments. Our study is based on the National School Feeding Program (PNAE), a public policy to promote food and nutrition security that has existed for the longest time in the Brazilian national scenario and is, worldwide, one of the largest and most universalizing school feeding programs. Its regularity is an aspect that enables the aggregation of databases and, therefore, robust investigation processes. In this sense, we consider it privileged – from the point of view of the intensity and proximity of relations between government and society – the space where municipal public management is carried out in relation to the possibility of research on the subject of state capacities and performance of municipal public management, central themes to the thesis. The phenomenon we want to investigate intertwines the theme of state capacities and the performance of public management. A starting question underpins the development of this investigation: How do state capacities condition the effectiveness of public management in micromunicipalities, having as a parameter the fulfillment of the minimum of 30% of purchases of school lunch items from family farming within the scope of the PNAE? The hypothesis that we will submit to the test in this thesis constitutes the argument that the political and institutional dimensions are the components of state capacities on which the good performance of public management in micromunicipalities most depends. The objective of this thesis is, therefore, to understand how state capacities generate the effectiveness of public management in micromunicipalities, having as a horizon the legal objective advocated in the PNAE law, which establishes the obligation to purchase a minimum percentage of 30% of purchases in school lunch items from family farming. In this study, specific objectives were established based on the cross-interpretation of constructs that structure the themes of state capacities and municipal management performance. The proposed specific objectives are: i. identify a set of state and institutional resources available to local governments; ii. outline a general behavior pattern for the set of Brazilian municipalities regarding aspects of state capacities; iii. compare the result of interactions in the set of state distinct; iv. synthesize particularities regarding the way in which state capacities operate in micromunicipalities; The plot to be woven in this thesis associates the theoretical- analytical categories delimited as “state capacities” and “governmental effectiveness”. For the purpose of demarcating the unit of analysis, this research is dedicated to understanding the constraints on public management performance in the context of the realities in which the smallest municipalities in the Brazilian federation are inserted (micromunicipalities with up to 10,188 inhabitants). Methodologically, this is a study of a mixed nature (quanti and quali) and of broad scope. Data from the total of the 2,513 smallest Brazilian municipalities were extracted from “Munic” (IBGE) and from the database of the National Education Development Fund (FNDE). To verify the univariate and multivariate influence of the variables included in the preliminary analytical model, we used the Generalized Equations Estimating method, a way to account for the existing correlation between repeated measurements of the same observational units. The software used in the analyzes was "R" (version 4.0.2). Results confirm the hypothesis that the political and institutional dimensions exert greater influence on the effectiveness of municipal public management in micromunicipalities.

Starting from the economic space called northeast gado-algodão, which had very similar production bases until the 1960s, the internal repercussions of the periphery condition of the regional periphery, manifested in the processes of development and urbanization, take place in a differentiated way, through actions policies of local elites and the national market integration process. However, the regional economic dynamism that has always been linked (or dependent) on state policy impulses, whether national, regional or local, is beginning to differentiate by the amounts of investments that are heterogeneously distributed in this space. The thesis is defended that in this cotton-farming northeast, with emphasis on two neighboring northeastern states, RN and CE, the process of development and urbanization made explicit unequal and peripheral metropolitan regions, such as the cases of Metropolitan region of Fortaleza and Natal. For the analysis, it is assumed that historical facts modify social, political and, notably, economic structures. Therefore, the research starts from the analysis of the historical facts that manifested themselves in different periods, positively or negatively impacting the productive and social structures. Incorporating in the research the analysis of data that allow the understanding of a model of an economic structural matrix incorporating non-economic factors, from the historical-structuralist investigation method.

The main objective of this study is to explore the potential of geomarketing in the analysis of population dynamics and spatial distribution in the city of Natal, seeking to understand the current urban structure, providing a technical and theoretical basis for housing supply. To achieve this goal, the Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) method was used, an unsupervised learning algorithm of artificial neural networks, which allowed the visualization and analysis of high-dimensional data. Based on data from the 2000 and 2010 demographic census (IBGE), WorldPop and other sources. The study investigated the urbanization process and the uneven spatial organization of the city. The results reveal that the Natal/Parnamirim area has a greater economic potential, in contrast, the Natal/São Gonçalo do Amarante area has a lower potential, attributed to the lower average family income. The application of geomarketing, combined with the SOM method, proves to be an effective tool for urban planning, the real estate market and the development of public policies, allowing the identification of opportunities and decision-making based on the socioeconomic characteristics of the population. In short, this study details the use of geomarketing and the SOM method in the analysis of population dynamics and spatial organization in Natal, providing valuable subsidies for urban planning, public policies and the real estate market.

The land issue in Brazil is considered a historical problem due to the concentration of land in the country in the hands of a restricted group of actors - State, Church, people or companies. Since the mid-20th century, agrarian reform models have become objects of dispute over access to land. As a result, laws, norms and resolutions articulate programs and policies that aim to promote agrarian reform in the country. Since the 1990s, two programs have made up Brazilian agrarian policy: conventional agrarian reform, via the expropriation of unproductive land carried out by INCRA, and Market-Assisted Agrarian Reform, which finances land for landless farmers or those with little land, from also the responsibility of the federal government and carried out at the time by the Ministry of Agrarian Development. The model of access to land through Market Assisted Agrarian Reform (RAAM) was designed by the World Bank and established in Brazil in 1997, with the institutional discourse of reducing conflicts and rural poverty, in a political and ideological context of global references of new ideas that influenced the Fernando Henrique Cardoso government to think of alternatives to traditional public policy models that were expensive for the State. This policy is characterized by financing for the purchase and sale of land on a voluntary basis between private agents, without expropriation occurring, that is, it is a logic influenced by the capitalist market for development processes, especially in countries in the so-called Third World. . The object of study of this thesis is the process of diffusion of the Market Assisted Agrarian Reform policy in the northeastern states. The aim is to understand this process through the theoretical framework of the diffusion of public policies with a focus on addressing policy diffusion mechanisms, highlighting which elements contributed to the adoption of this model in Brazil and its diffusion in the Northeast region. Therefore, the research has the general objective of analyzing the process of diffusion of the Market Agrarian Reform policy in subnational governments in the Northeast Region. The question that guides this research is: how did subnational governments in the Northeast implement the market-based agrarian reform model? In other words, what were the mechanisms used in the process of disseminating the Market Agrarian Reform model in subnational governments in the Northeast? To achieve the objectives, semi-structured interviews were carried out with researchers on the subject, managers of the current land financing program, Terra Brasil, in the northeastern states, and actors linked to the various social movements fighting for land (Comissão Pastoral da Terra - CPT, Confederation of Agricultural Workers - CONTAG, Landless Rural Workers Movement - MST). A documentary analysis was also carried out of the bulletins released by the Indicator Panel of the former Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) to characterize the programs that operationalized this model of access to land in Brazil and World Bank documents relating to the policy. As main results, the research identified the mechanisms of learning, emulation and coercion in the dissemination of RAAM, and found that the model was adopted as a pilot project implemented by the Government of the state of Ceará in 1996, within the scope of the Program to Combat Rural Poverty (PCPR) São José with the insertion of a land component called Solidarity Agrarian Reform; It began to spread throughout the Brazilian Northeast as it concentrates the largest amount of poverty in the country and presents a favorable environment for adoption, given that Projects to Combat Rural Poverty were being implemented in the Northeastern states, using the physical, institutional, personnel of this policy.; From 1997 onwards, the Brazilian Government entered into a technical and financial cooperation agreement with the World Bank, in a context of a neoliberal global reference, Fernando Henrique Cardoso's political project to combat rural poverty and inserted agrarian reform into the agenda of the Community Program Solidarity (PCS), spreading Market Agrarian Reform to the states of Bahia, Maranhão, Pernambuco and expanding land financing in Ceará, operationalized through the Cédula da Terra Program (PCT). In 1998, within a debate on the New Rural World proposal, the Land Revolving Fund, called Banco da Terra, was created, inserting the states of Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Alagoas, Sergipe and Piauí into the RAAM. The implementation of this model was the result of the political articulation of managers of subnational governments, whose actions were preponderant in implementing the model together with the central government and counting on financial support, technical and intellectual assistance from the World Bank

Recent literature suggests arguments robust enough for the understanding of incarceration as the last resource for problem solving. The correctional system, besides overcrowded, works as a public institution that generates more consequences than it proposes itself on solving, it's results have been potentializing inmate suffering and it doesn't appear to be an efficient alternative to the public safety agenda. Therefore, what it is intended to be analysed in the present work is the implementation and the supply of education in prison units of Rio Grande do Norte state, considering the state's representative context in relation to the penitentiary situation and previously implemented popular education experiences in the state of the Rio Grande do Norte. This study's objective is to discuss the penal policies administrative capacities throughout education and extrication. It is situated itself in the field of Public Policies, an area of knowledge destined to question, investigate, analyze, and build diagnoses to the public/policies management. In such wise, intersectoral approaches which acknowledge the federal arrangements, the territory, the participation of people deprived of their liberties and the multiactorship offering to the analysis of those public policies fluxes – actors, actions, intentions, instruments, etc. – for the understanding of the ways it is possible to expand and adequate the implementation of the education in prisons, facing the low education in prison's offer consequentiality and the meager engagement of the state and federal public implementation of education in prisons.

The present work has as its theme access to justice in the context of forced evictions. Which concerns processes of expropriation in which people, generally low-income, are displaced from their places of residence or their habitat. Such conflicts articulate a series of human rights violations, notably the right to adequate housing, such as the access to means of subsistence and basic services of communication, electricity, drinking water and sanitation. Consequently, a state of great vulnerability is evidenced from the non-guarantee of basic rights, which highlights the condition of inequality in the face of procedural legal needs. This theme has become important for investigation in the context of the university extension project developed with the Jacó community in Natal/RN through the “Motyrum de Educação Popular em Direitos Humanos” extension project at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; acting mainly in the field of legal and urban assistance since 2016. The community, defined as a Special Area of Social Interest within the scope of the Natal Master Plan and located in the Rocas neighborhood, has been facing an eviction conflict provoked by the municipality since 2018. In this conflict, the barriers to access to justice were mitigated through the judiciary services, such as the Public Defender and Public Prosecution offices. However, it was observed that in the case of Comunidade do Jacó it was not possible to restrict the understanding of access to justice to the condition of judicial services, since there were other factors involved in the process. For example, the actions and strategies developed by the residents, which resulted in community organization, in the appropriation of legal concepts, in the understanding of the conflict and in its visibility before society. Due to this, the main research question was defined. Which is: how the strategies and actions developed by residents of the comunidade do Jacó assert themselves in the condition of access to justice within the eviction conflict experienced since 2018? Thus, the object of study is expressed in the relationship between access to justice in a broad conception, and the actions of residents in the forced eviction conflict of the comunidade do Jacó since 2018. The objective is to reflect on the strategies and actions of subjects of rights in the conflict of forced eviction from the comunidade do Jacó, aiming to understand the experiences of access to justice through social struggle. The spatialized law and the self-constructed law are taken as a reference to analyze the legal spaces revealed by a broad conception of access to justice. It is an articulated work among research, teaching and extension, whose database is supported by an extension project. In conclusion, the actions and strategies developed by the residents of the Jacó community and their achievements in the process of access to justice are highlighted, in the context of the struggle for the right to decent housing in the face of the conflict of forced eviction

The impacts of global climate change affect all life forms on the planet. In Brazil, the semiarid region is highly affected by long droughts, and with the speed of the climate change process, the tendency is for the risk of disasters arising from extreme weather events to intensify. Risk scenarios demand prevention and response strategies to the possible damage that the environment may suffer in case of the occurrence of these extreme events. And in the context of climate change, these strategies must be based on political-governmental agendas with the aim of expanding the adaptive capacity of the system, based on actions that promote adaptation as a response to the impacts of climate change. However, most municipalities do not have management geared towards adapting to climate change, even those most susceptible to risks, climate threats and socio-environmental vulnerability. Based on this problem, the research proposed to analyze the management of the municipalities inserted in the Piancó-Piranhas-Açu river basin, regarding the adaptive response capacity to the risks and threats of climatic extremes. Methodologically, the research carried out a mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative), where the Adaptive Capacity Management Index (IGCA) was developed, structured from binary socio-environmental indicators from the Municipal Basic Information Survey database (MUNIC/IBGE) relating to risk and disaster management, in order to establish a situational diagnosis on the capacity to manage disaster risks associated with climate change. In an experimental phase, the index was applied to the municipalities included in the territorial scope of the Seridó Hydrological Planning Unit, in Rio Grande do Norte (UPH Seridó RN). The results showed that the UPH Seridó RN is more prone to the threats inherent in the risks of climatological events; the municipalities had a higher rate of social than environmental vulnerability, and had a low capacity to manage the risks of climate change, which infers a “low” level in the management of adaptive capacity on a 5-level scale that goes from “very low” to “very high". Based on the results, it was reaffirmed that socio-environmental and climatic issues are little incorporated in the municipalities of the UPH Seridó RN, whose municipal profiles allow inferring that this is a similar reality throughout the territory of the basin. The research leaves room for continuity in further studies, so that the field of analysis is better explored empirically as well.

This study aims to analyze the use of the territory of Macaíba, highlighting the structuring of the territory and its insertion in the recent metropolitan dynamics. For this, we chose to start from Milton Santos' understanding of the category of geographic analysis of territory used as a fundamental element to understand the structuring of territory, seeking to understand the city in the configuration of territory. This understanding understands space as a product of the movements of social-spatial relations in time. Space is defined, then, as an inseparable, dialectical, and contradictory set of objects and actions that conform the territorial configuration. In this sense, the research instruments used were the literature review regarding the theoretical discussions on social space and the spatial theory of Milton Santos. In a continuous act, the systematic bibliographical research to identify the theoretical referential that deals with the municipality of Macaíba, seeking to understand the expansion movement of the city and the territorial configuration. Subsequently, the documentary research with the survey of secondary data allowed the cartographic elaboration that allowed understanding the configuration of the territory of Macaíba and the present flows. This cartography encompasses the possibility of understanding the consolidation process of the urban-metropolitan space and the economic flows on a regional scale. Finally, the text points out that the process of consolidation of the urban-metropolitan configuration was influenced, in addition to the industrial sector, by the dynamics of the incorporation of lots in the urban space and, more recently, by the implementation of teaching, research and extension activities that come from the initiatives of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte and Parque Científico e Tecnológico do Rio Grande do Norte.

Keywords: Urbanization. Metropolitan region of Natal. Urban space. Macaíba.

In Brazil, the public discussion of basic sanitation is marked by questions about the insufficiency of the Brazilian State in the role of leadership and investment in the sector, of municipal entities in managing public services effectively, of the evident low coverage of access to the service. translated into the dichotomy of recognizing the sector as a human right or as a good on the market. In the midst of this reality and going on a path different from the Brazilian reality, there are five municipalities: Bom Jesus, Monte Alegre, Nísia Floresta, São José de Mipibu and Vera Cruz, all with a population of less than 50 thousand inhabitants, in the Metropolitan Region of Natal (RMN), who managed to institute their Municipal Policies and Plans for Basic Sanitation (PMSB's). The question is: What factors enabled the institutionalization of the Policy and PMSB in the studied municipalities?; and Does the institutionalized structure guarantee the effectiveness of the Policy/Plan? It starts from the hypothesis that the five municipalities studied were already endowed, before instituting their Municipal Plans and Policies for Basic Sanitation, with a technical, institutional, administrative and management policy structure that influenced the conclusion of the two public policies. Therefore, this research has as general objective: To comparatively analyze the factors that enabled the institutionalization of the Municipal Basic Sanitation Policy and Plan in the 5 municipalities studied and whether this institutionalization is sufficient for the effectiveness of the policy. Methodologically, the time frame from 2007 to 2021 is proposed, since the first is the year of enactment of Law 11.445/2007, which establishes national guidelines for basic sanitation in Brazil. It starts with a bibliographical review and documental analysis of the main institutional norms of the sector (Programs, Plans, Projects and Laws) both at national and municipal level. It is intended to interview the groups that acted in the conclusion of the Policy and PMSB of the studied municipalities: 1. Municipal managers, represented by the mayor or municipal secretary linked to sanitation; 2. Technical team for the preparation or assessment of PMSB in the municipality, represented by at least one member of the executive and/or coordination committee; 3. Project Team “Research PMSB”, an agreement that provided technical support and training for the municipalities studied, represented by at least 1 member of the project management; 4. Representatives of the Rio Grande do Norte Water and Sewage Company (CAERN) that provides services to the studied municipalities; and 5. Basic sanitation specialists. To find the possible influencing factors and the consequences after approval of the Policy and PMSB's, the indicators that will be used for evaluation are: Legal-institutional adaptations; Professional bureaucracy; Universalization of services; Sustainability according to Agenda 2030); Municipal budget (PPA, LOA and LDO); and Social Participation Instruments.

The present work has as its objective, to carry out a comparative study relating the Bolsa Família Program, with PROGRESA/Oportunidades in Mexico and Solidaridad in Chile. It aims to analyze the formation period of these policies, along with their main characteristics as target audience and their entry criteria, proposing an impact analysis in their respective countries. Within these parameters, questions such as conditionalities and the influence of multilateral agencies in the fight against poverty in the Latin American continent, along with the theory of capitalization of the poorest and the breaking of the cycle of intergenerational poverty, are taken into consideration. In light of what was presented, the study has as its core an explanatory work, making use of literature review, using materials found in the repositories of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA). In light of these aspects, the material will make use of secondary data. This data model leads to a historical survey of each one of the policies, analyzing the governmental period, the economic scenario, and the previous experiences.

This dissertation has as its object of study teleworking in the banking sector. Telework has its origins in the mid-1970s. However, it is in the pandemic scenario caused by COVID-19 that it gains prominence by contributing to the necessary social isolation, as it is that type of work, flexible and decentralized, carried out at a distance by means of telematics. In this research, we seek to answer the following question: how does teleworking, widely used in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, intensify the work of bank technicians who work in this regime? It is hypothesized that the adoption of the telework regime intensifies the working hours of bank technicians, by efficiently combining the flexibility of space-time with a specific type of worker, the performance subject. In this sense, the general objective of this project is: to analyze how teleworking, widely used in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, intensifies the work of bank technicians who work under this regime, within the scope of Caixa Econômica Federal, in the city of Natal /RN, in the period from 2020 to 2021. In this reality, we seek to understand the construction of meanings, its manifestations in the particular reality of those who cannot be based on telework. In this sense, this investigation has a qualitative approach. To achieve the proposed objective, we have as a research strategy the articulation of three interdependent methodological procedures. First, we used bibliographic research; then, semi-structured interviews to collect primary data; and, by end-of-treatment analysis and investigation of the information through the analysis of the interviews.

The research developed focused on the first indigenous women's organization, created
in 2009, in the State of Mato Grosso, called Takiná, composed of more than one hundred women of
43 ethnic groups and divided into seven regions. The theme of the master's thesis will be on the issue
of the management model adopted by indigenous women and the gender issue in the organization
indigenous social. We will be investigating the process of creating and managing the social organization
indigenous Takiná, as well as problematizing and pointing out the difficulties that women
face when creating the state organization, the confrontation for the issue of gender,
relations with the government, impact on public policy and relations with third-party actors
sector in this context. The methodology used had an ethnographic approach, along with the
association, located in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, through participant observation during the
meetings and meetings, in which women were present, using semi-directed or open interviews with members, in addition to documentary and bibliographic research. THE
theoretical reflection enabled a debate that raises questions about the indigenous movement and
on indigenous women, as well as the debate on social management and human rights
indigenous peoples. With that, the main motivations that women had when creating
the state indigenous organization, reflecting on the ways in which they use the
confronting and fighting for their rights in an unfavorable political context, as well as
understand the main demands and difficulties of implementing public policies at
services of indigenous collective rights.

The Large Urban Projects (LUPs) or Urban Projects (UPs) are a theme that, since the advance of neoliberalism between the 1980s and 1990s, has gained prominence around the world, especially in the North West. As the logic of modernist urban planning constitutes an exceptionality, they develop a structure of urban governance that is part of the city as a whole. In Brazil in the recent context, mega-events have made medium-sized cities carry out LUPs and all their disruptive effects in various dimensions of urban management, as in the case of Natal, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Norte. In 2014, there was a unique fact for the recent history of Natal, which was the inauguration of two urban projects that are unique examples of an implementation based on public-private articulation, to a greater or lesser degree, namely: Arena das Dunas, stadium built in the neighborhood of Lagoa Nova, to be the central square for the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil events in the city; and, simultaneously, Arena do Morro, a multi-sport gymnasium, built in the popular informal neighborhood of Mãe Luiza. The framing of these characteristics leads to the need to research the governance of collective facilities at the time of formulation and implementation. Thus, the following question was asked in this research: What are the characteristics of the governance of these two projects in the formulation and implementation phases? And how could Natal, an average city of less than 900 thousand inhabitants, be able to produce equipment so similar and so different in a short period of time? We start from the premise that the public-private arrangements of the equipments studied in Natal produced, in the formulation and implementation phases, different and independent governance standards. In the case of Arena das Dunas, a pattern of urban entrepreneurial governance was forged (RIBEIRO; SANTOS JÚNIOR, 2015) having the characteristics of being private and insulated, and for Arena do Morro a corporatist pattern (RIBEIRO; SANTOS JÚNIOR, 2015) of characteristics collective and shared. Thus, this research aims to understand the characteristics of governance adopted in the projects of Arena das Dunas and Arena do Morro, in Natal/RN. For this purpose, we adopted the Collaborative Governance proposal by Ansell and Gash (2007) as an analysis model. As a result, we identified in the case of Arena das Dunas an insulated entrepreneurial-patrimonialist governance pattern that implements a GPU considering the physical-territorial effects observed in the surroundings from its insertion. As for Arena do Morro, we verified a pattern of deinstitutionalized corporatist governance of a community urban project. Thus, we conclude that, in fact, the governance standards of the two equipments are independent and that the similarities of participation in the international flow of ideas, inauguration year and formation of a public-private arrangement are the only common characteristics.

This dissertation aims to identify the existing interaction repertoires between the feminist movements of Rio Grande do Norte and the state government, in the context of the implementation of the Undersecretariat for Women's Policy, from 2019 onwards. To reach the appropriate conclusions, we used Brazilian studies on the development of distinct and complex relations between social movements and the State, which combine a diversity of collective actions that are interspersed in moments of confrontation and/or cooperation, especially in the Brazilian context after the 2000s. In addition to these theoretical assumptions, the theory of political process, more specifically the concept of repertoire of action and repertoire of interaction and contributions from feminist studies. The data were collected through the analysis of narratives collected through semi-structured interviews with key actresses of the RN's gender policies subsystem, pointing to changes in the action and interaction repertoires of feminists and the government, in the post 2019 period Among the changes is a greater influence on the formulation of public policies obtained through acting in participatory state institutions and occupying positions in the bureaucracy. However, this is due to the favorable political context in the state, which brings together a government open to dialogue with the movements, a representative legislature and the existence of movements with a long history of mobilization. Even though the current government manages to implement the PT model of social participation in management, the interviews show that the movements needed to adapt to a covid-19 pandemic context and join new channels of activism, such as the virtual one.

The research consists of conducting a study of the commerce in the city of João Pessoa. 

Considering the set of information raised in the scientific work, it appears that they are inserted in the studies

 of urban economics, and from this perspective it is placed with the following title:

Commercial Axes in the City of João Pessoa / PB: The Formation of New Centralities. 

From the name indicated, the aforementioned object of study of the research is to analyze the 

commercial dynamics of the city of João Pessoa, and based on this study, the formation of "commercial axes"

 present in that city was identified. Therefore, it appears that this city has an important central area, where the 

most diverse commercial activities are concentrated. However, due to the phenomenon of urban expansion, 

this main commercial area of ??the city, the “center”, disputes space with new commercial centralities. 

Revealing that the traditional center of commerce, located in the central area of ??

the city, still maintains functional centrality.

The following research resides in the discussion about the changes in the living and housing conditions due to policies to remove the population from vulnerable areas. The research focuses on the residents of the Maruim community, which used to occupy an area corresponding to 15,186 m², with 160 housing units, sheltering 168 families, near Natal’s Port. The Community’s social and cultural importance is emphasized, as it has been characterized, more frequently, throughout its history, by high social vulnerability and by the high degree of insalubrity in their homes. There is also the urban land conflict with the Port of Natal, in dispute over its territory, which resulted in its removal. Most of the families removed from the community were relocated to Residencial São Pedro, a project subsidized by the Minha Casa, Minha Vida Program (PMCMV), with 200 apartment units, built in 2016. Families from Maruim and 6 other locations in Natal were relocated to the housing projects, the areas being Areia Preta, Pajuçara, Jacó, Africa, Mãe Luíza and Passo da Pátria. In this context, the research seeks to investigate the changes in living and housing conditions from the insertion of residents in a new housing typology, adjusting to a new neighborhood, the use of equipment and common living areas and the relationship with a regular home - which leads to new costs and responsibilities. The research procedures include bibliographic, documentary and newspaper reviews, the use of qualitative and quantitative data obtained in research carried out by Natal’s nucleus of Metropolis Observatory and the Estúdio Conceito research group and field activity with interviews by questionnaires and photographic record in the study area. The research’s results shows that the relocated community achieved better housing conditions, primarily sanitary, which led to a reduction in housing and urban inequality; but in contrast, with regard to living conditions, there is a fragility of important and expensive issues, such as financial, cultural and community.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the profile of teachers in basic education, more precisely in secondary education. The objective is to understand by mapping the allocation of teachers in schools if socio-spatial factors influence the school dynamics. The hypothesis is that there are inequalities in the supply of educational services in schools, with the allocation of teachers as one of the variables that cause distortions between schools of the center versus periphery, for example. The descriptive analysis of the teachers' profile in Natal / Rio Grande do Norte, using data from the school census of basic education (2018), as well as indicators on schools as: Indicator of Socioeconomic Level of Schools - INSE (2015) and notes of the Basic Education Development Index (IDEB) (2018). In order to understand if there are specific patterns of teacher allocation in high schools, the purpose is to map the teacher allocation through the use of thematic cartography, based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) in which the analyzed data has information indexed (georeferencing). The study seeks to outline a profile of teachers in high school in Natal and to understand if their allocation in the territory is one of the factors that contribute to the reproduction of school inequalities.

In the last decades, a few researchers of social life have shown some concerns regarding the loss of meaning at the concept of common and collective and its spatial effects, such as the creation of shopping centers and the decreased use of public spaces as streets and plazas. In spite of that, a new movement can be noted, a movement that adds new usages, new practices and new meanings to already existing spaces. These movements seem “sprayed” at the urban space, ready to move from one place to another. Its comprehension is still incomplete and split in existing literature, once it appears, sometimes, as social movements and, sometimes, as insurgencies or cultural counter-hegemonic acts. Specifically in Natal, collective urban spaces have been receiving attention from groups or individuals who claims from these spaces a new use, a redefined one or new practices. Within the contradiction of a society that shows itself as individualistic and at the same time has collective demands for public meaning, this paper has as a goal the comprehension of temporary attribution of new meaning to urban collective spaces of Natal/RN. First, the uses and counteruses of the space were sought in well-known written media and social media. Once identified, the latter intention was to discuss the role of space and its “roughness” at the identified social movements’ objectives, relating them to the urban surroundings in which they settle, using mapping as a tool. A second approach includes a depending to the study of some of the events detected, in a manner that allows to comprehend in what ways the urban collective spaces acquire new meaning depending to which place they settle and the intentions behind its occurrence.  At last, it becomes possible to discuss and understand the different natures of urban collective spaces’ new usages, revealing something not fully understood, but that has outcomes and effects in space.

This paper analyzes the connection between the military structures and military workers with the city of Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte, observing the impact of the permanence of this population in the city. Documental and bibliography researches were performed; land use mapping – reaching a radius of 500 meter distance of each village, identifying their surroundings –, and a field research with a questionnaire, utilizing the “bola de neve” (snowball) methodology, with residents of the four military villages of Parnamirim. The research demonstrated that three of the four villages of Parnamirim are insert in privileged locations, surrounded by various commercial and service provider establishments. The privilege of the location can be demonstrated through the perception of its own residents, who affirm reside in a place that provides a variety of services and commerce. It was demonstrated that the economic activities of the city are impacted by the permanence of the military and its families, because every village requires supermarkets, restaurants, drugstores, clothing stores and services such as the town’s schools and gyms.  However, what concerns the military population, it was identified that it chooses to utilize the collective use equipment inside the villages, accessed only by the residents. Because, over time, the military villages in Parnamirim were shaped like closed neighborhoods, restricting the access from local population.

The Brazilian semiarid region is characterized by intense climatic variability, with irregular rains, long periods of drought and recurrent droughts. With the increase in temperature associated with climate change due to global warming, regardless of the volume of rainfall, there will be impacts on the availability of water. Given the already complex complexity of water resource management, these new aggravations exceed the region's capacity to respond to the new challenges posed by climate change. Thus, the problem of this dissertation develops from the following question: does the application of adaptive governance in the management of water resources guarantee the greater capacity of governments to respond to the impacts of climate change? The objective of this dissertation is to understand, within the semi-arid region of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, how adaptive governance can contribute to the construction of climate adaptation in the management of water resources. To reach this objective, the interview and the focus group will be used as main data collection resources, focusing on the qualitative approach. The results are intended to present a series of data demonstrating the main impacts of climate change on water resources in the state; the main apprehensions of the actors involved in the management of water resources in the state, on climate change; the identification of the political-institutional structure and management strategies to minimize the effects of drought in the state, from which a reflection will be made on what has contributed to adaptation and what are the challenges to water management in the context of climate change and ; the presentation of strategies that will contribute to a proposal for adaptive governance of water resources, and is a beginning to effectively incorporate the discussion on climate change in the government's environmental agenda.

The following study elaborates on digital platforms as labor management tools typical of the current phase of capitalism in the Digital Era, which promote the overvaluing of flexibility while structuring work on a completely on-demand basis. The investigation aims to analyze the labor relation established between the Uber company and the drivers registered in their platform of private transportation mediation, in the city of Natal/RN, over the period of four years between 2016 and 2020. The initial premise was that workers in this labor dynamic would assimilate the values related to the ideology of entrepreneurship to the point of not perceiving themselves as submitted to Uber. The research relied on semistructured interviews as a means of obtaining primary data with the colaborating subjects, as well as a vast bibliographical research on literature pertaining to the evidenced themes. We were able to verify that uberized workers confuse the flexibility of setting your own working hours to the freedom of a worker with no boss. This idea is reinforced by the company through its publicity ads, which portray their workers as partners with full autonomy to pick the days and times when they wish to work.

This dissertation assumes the perspective that universal access to education is not enough to overcome educational and social inequalities of origin (COLEMAN, 1966; BOURDIEU and PASSERON, 1982; CASSASSUS, 2002; BROOKE & SOARES, 2008; COLEMAN, 2011). In order to achieve this, it is necessary to deliberately adopt mechanisms that correct inequalities, specifically equalizing principles that could produce positive discrimination by giving more advantages to those who are at a disadvantage and, thus, to promote social justice in the school environment with the consequent reverberations for society as a whole, aiming at real equality (RAWLS, 1971; DUBET, 2001, 2004, 2008; CRAHAY, 2002, 2013). Based on this theoretical and normative discussion, we have the following research question: what principles or visions of justice are contained in the design of educational programs in Brazil and how are they are operationalized at the time of implementation? To answer this question, a double objective was established: to analyze the institutional design of a set of programs executed by the National Education Development Fund (FNDE) as well as to analyze the relationship between the formulation and implementation of a specific program, Proinfância, in the municipality of Natal, in order to verify how the principles mobilized in the institutional design are reflected or not in the execution of this policy. Methodologically, a qualitative approach was adopted to review the bibliography on principles of justice from the classical discussion of political philosophy as well as justice at school, in addition, document analysis and semi-structured interviews with managers and former managers of FNDE and the Municipal Secretariat of Education of Natal were carried out. Statistical analyses explore data and information on Proinfância. The main results show that within the set of programs analyzed in this dissertation, there is a predominance of the principle of justice as equality meanwhile in only some of them there is the incorporation of principles of justice as equity for the correction of inequalities. With regard to the implementation of Proinfância in the municipality of Natal, it was possible to notice that, although nursing schools were built with program resources in areas of high social vulnerability, the principles of correction of inequalities designed at the time of formulation could not be fully fulfilled at implementation due to difficulties of translating these guidelines to bureaucrats at the local administrative level and, especially, related to other operational difficulties that can only be known at the time of implementation. The main bottlenecks pointed out by managers were: the difficulties in building nursing schools due to the existence of few construction companies willing to execute the project, difficulties connected to resource transfers, and the recurrent problem of lack of proof of dominance (irregular landing registers) of public land.

The concept of intersectionality, developed from political experiences and theories of black feminism in the United States, now finds its place in several academic fields, configuring what can be called a "knowledge project" (COLLINS; CHEPP, 2013; COLLINS, 2015), seen as an emerging construct without a fixed definition. In common among researches who adopt intersectionality as a theoretical foundation, it is the understanding that one-dimensional categories such as gender, race, class, sexuality or age are insufficient for a coherent interpretation to the complexity of the social world, which requires analyzes that capture the multidimensionality that forms the existence of the subjects. Thus, the objective of this research is to explore the possible applications of this concept for the understanding of persistent educational inequalities, considering the methodological potential of intersectionality in a micro-level approach, reaching the “school floor” with an interest in discovering how students were organized in their daily life and which differentiating factors could be highlighted for an intersectional analysis of the observed context. The study is ethnographic and uses the field journal as the main work tool, where observations and dialogues with management, teachers and students from a full-time public high school located in Natal- RN. The final months of the academic year 2019 and the beginning of 2020, was the time of realization of the empirical field, where prominent social markers of difference were identified for an intersectional analysis of inequalities in the context of the “school floor”: (i) the concentration in the same class of students with a history of failure, dropout, and the resulting social stigmatization; (ii) socioeconomic vulnerability and (iii) institutional and subjective limitations surrounding the debate on the racial issue. The contributions of these analyzes to public policies, guided by an intersectional lens, invoke the need for the debate on equity and the implementation of actions by educational management, aiming to understand the mechanisms of production of differences and denaturalize the reproduction of inequalities.

This master’s dissertation talks about the governance’s arrangements of the health policy funded by de World Bank, in particular, the Urgency and Emergency of the GoveRNo Cidadão regionalization’s Project, in Rio Grande do Norte state. It was opted to comprehend this phenomenum from the concept of governance, here understood as a state theory. Under the aegis of the Health Unic System fundamentals, the institutional desing of the GoveRNo Cidadão program and the concept of governance, the question that rises this research is wich is the governance’s arrangement in the health policy in the GoveRNo Cidadão? The main objective is to comprehend the process of governance in the health policies funded by the World Bank in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, by the time of 2013 to 2020, in particular the regionalization’s Project of the Urgency and Emergency Network. The theoretical-methodological basis that supports this analysis was anchored in the Capano, Howlett and Ramesh’s (2015) perspective, that suggests that the studies about governance comprehend three analytical dimensions that is a important way of explanation for the autors: 1) Dynamics; 2) Strategics; and 3) Capacity of Governance. To them, the dimension of Dynamics opposes to the idea that governance arrangements are static, reinforcing that they modify with time. The dimension Strategics, in turn, refers to the multiple actors envolved in the decision-making arena, it’s motivations and strategics. The dimension Capacity is about how effective these arrangements are. In a way to operationalize the research, it was opted to adopt a qualitative approach, mobilizing: bibliographic research, document analysis and semi-structured interviews. Content analysis and use of the IRAMUTEQ software were the techniques adopted. The results shown that the history of the World Bank in the Rio Grande do Norte, the exchange fee, the Federal Government program, Brasil sem Miséria, favored the signing of the GoveRNo Cidadão agreement. With regard to health policy, the Ministry of Health, from the definition of Health Care Networks, and the media had a fundamental role in choosing the projects financed in the state. In addition, actors that were not foreseen in the institutional design were identified, but have an influence on the governance arrangement. The data also indicated aspects such as the strength of the judicialization of SUS, the high turnover of health secretaries, institutional activism (RECH and SILVA, 2016) as a strategy and motivation on the part of the actors. With regard to the performance of the policy financed by the GoveRNo Cidadão, there was an increase in regionalized urgency and emergency services, the training of professionals specifically in the area of adult and pediatric cardiology, seven regional hospitals received equipment and were renovated, in addition to the consultancy that restructured the State Health Department. We conclude that the study indicates that the theoretical model adopted allows a holistic view of governance. Furthermore, considering the democratic and participatory constitutional precepts of Brazil, it was possible to infer that the governance arrangements analyzed pointed to a governance model based on a “regulatory” institutional arrangement, specific to projects financed by the World Bank. Therefore, the analysis of the health policy of the GoveRNo Cidadão project highlights the model adopted by the World Bank, which assumes the role of financial actor.

This dissertation aims to understand how the implementation process of the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) is implemented in four municipalities of the Mato Grande Territory in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, from the perspective of key actors: those responsible in municipal governments for implementation (government) and family farming organizations (cooperatives, associations and / or rural unions). We seek to understand the design of this policy as well as the values and beliefs of the different actors involved in implementation and how they influence and act to promote this policy. On the other hand, we intend to analyze, from the point of view of the beneficiary organizations of the policy, what are the main difficulties for access. As well as from the point of view of the executing entities, also identify which difficulties they face to operationalize the program. In this sense, to raise what are the recurrent or determinant factors that imply for the advance or challenges of the implementation of the PNAE, as recommended by the design of this policy. In this way, the analysis of data, referring to transfers (financial values) from the National Fund for School Development - FNDE to the municipalities of the researched sample, Ceará Mirim, João Câmara, Bulls and Purity, allows contextualizing the object (purchases of family agriculture) to the purpose of Law 11.947/009. To identify factors that imply the implementation of the PNAE, interviews with semi-structured script in the form of interviews, with the managers responsible in the municipalities and with the representatives of cooperatives, associations and family farmers, give answers, according to the point of view. each of the actors involved in the implementation of the program. As initial results, we identified that there are municipalities in the Mato Grande Trerritory that do not invest the total financial resources available for the purchase of foodstuffs from family farming, being below the minimum percentage of 30% recommended by the PNAE law, among them: Ceará Mirim, João Câmara, Bulls and Purity; there is a mismatch in the acquisition of foodstuffs regarding the production period (crop) and school calendar (school year); some products that are on the menu agenda are not produced by family farming in the territory; In the pedagogical dimension of the PNAE, there is no dialogue between the actors, in the process of building the public call until the delivery of products in schools; purchases from family farms stimulate the creation of short supply chains; There is a gap in the acquisition of animal products due to the lack of inspection system in the municipalities; and that PNAE contributes to the search for healthy eating. It was evidenced that, although there are still obstacles, there were advances in the execution of the PNAE in the Mato Grande Territory with the accomplishment of public purchases via simplified calls, as well as the strengthening of family agriculture, through proximity to the consumer (students) and generation of local income, creating expectation for the farmer to remain in rural areas.

The research focuses on the restructuring of urban port areas and social housing, focusing on the power relations established in a disputed territory. Thus, in an empirical way, the case of the Port of Natal was presented, which - for decades - disputed a fraction of the territory on the edges of the Potengi River, provoking the evacuation of the area where the community of Maruim was constituted and consequent resettlement of the community to the residential São Pedro, in 2016. This research is linked to the project " Caracterização dos Regimes Urbanos das Metrópoles Brasileiras", developed by the INCT Observatório das Metrópoles, through the program "As Metrópoles e o Direito à Cidade: conhecimento, inovação e ação para o desenvolvimento urbano - 2015-2020”. Thus, based on the theoretical-conceptual framework discussed by the group that makes up the RMNatal Nucleus of the Observatório das Metrópoles, the idea of Urban Regimes is presented here as the analysis part of this research, revealing that there are possibilities for action of the affected population, allowing some degree of articulation or the modifier arrangement of the final process. It is considered as object of study the actions of the groups that led the project of expansion of the port of Natal and the resettlement of the Maruim community and, in this sense, the general objective is to understand the different strategies of these pressure groups that led the project of expansion of the port and resettlement of Maruim, aiming to characterize the coalitions involved and the resulting territorial transformations, mainly covering the Historic and Port Zones of Natal. This research is characterized as a qualitative study and uses as a method the case study of the single type as a research strategy. For this, as a study universe, the experience of the community of Maruim and the Port of Natal was delimited in the period between 1997 (beginning of requests for regularization of areas of interest of the Port of Natal by the Companhia Docas do Rio Grande do Norte) and 2016 (when the resettlement of the community of Maruim occurs to the residential São Pedro, located in the district Ribeira, Natal/RN).

The production of the modernist movement in Portugal took place in singular path of a resistance posture to models pre-conceived. Well-know Porto’s School and recognized from the decade of 1950, was a movement that produced echoes identified on the architectural productions up to the Portuguese until the present time. Among other characteristics, it shows harmony as a requeriment of project between the plot of the building and the surrounding pré-existent, providing better quality of use, comfort and esthetic beauty of the space in the city. Focused in the Portuguese architecture, the study starts from the contribution of the main exponents of the movement: Fernando Távora, Álvaro Siza Vieira and Eduardo Souto de Moura, which, in his work, ally the innovations of the modernist movement with the respected necessity to the traditions of the town, his materiality and the context of the new constructions regarding the urbane city pré-existent. So, there will be presented the historical trajectory of the roots of the contemporary architecture in Portugal, from the decade of 1930, with the analysis of the intellectual production and projetual of the architects Carlos Ramos and Fernando Távora, up to the present. Next, a group of contemporary architects will be presented, composed for: John Carrilho da Graça; the brothers Manuel and Francisco Nuno Aires Mateus; the brothers Nuno and José Mateus (office ARX); and Nuno Brandão Costa, whom shows echoes of this trajectory in his production, for analysis of aspects of his formation and professional trajectory, like professional experience and architectural language adopted in his works. Then, this study will make a appreciation of contemporary buildings, located in Portugal and conceived by this group, above several aspects, such as: his insertion in the city, ways of use and his process of conception. For that, it will be necessary to understand different aspects of this space, how it will identify in which form the adjacent public space to iconic’s buildings contributes to give distinction or order that pré-existent minimizes the visual impact of the construction before those elements, considering still the necessity of looking, in the speech of the authors of the works, how was the concern about the space around the building on the context in the process of the project as a whole piece. Lastly, this study aims to contributes to the analysis of the quality of the public’s projects connected to contemporary buildings in the cities, for to the production of a cohesive urbanity.

The house is indispensable to the survival of the human being. However, it is not easily accessable to the poorest population, because its production and commercialization highlight the exchange value of this good with characteristics different from the others. The “Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida” (PMCMV), created in 2009, aims to facilitate access to housing by promoting home ownership for families with incomes of up to ten minimum wages. The program is divided into three categories, with category 1 directed to families with income between zero and R $ 1800.00. In this category, properties receive direct subsidies of up to 95% of their price and are financed interest-free within 120 months. During the financing period, the properties should be used exclusively for the housing of the families contemplated. In the Metropolitan Region of Natal (RMN) the program worked in nine of its fourteen municipalities, with 26 developments in 21 locations, totaling 11,276 housing units. In less than ten years of the PMCMV, negotiations are identified for sale, rental and exchange of real estate in the category 1 of the program - which should not be sold in the first ten years of contemplation. The objective of this research is to analyze the occurrences of these negotiations, identifying where, how and why sales, exchanges and leases of real estate occur, in the 26 developments PMCMV category 1 in the RMN, delivered until 2016. The data collection and information began with the monitoring of online classified, which lasted 27 months. Concomitant field work was carried out, in phase I, in all the PMCMV projects category 1 in the RMN; in the second phase, the enterprises with the highest occurrence of negotiations - classified and in phase I - were visited. The research shows that the poor location, the non-adaptation to the apartment typology, the possibility to live elsewhere or to acquire another good (highlighting the car), added to the financial vulnerability are the motives that encourage the residents to dispose of their real estate to the negotiation.

The focus of this dissertation is the comparison between two cycles of protests that, although they claim around the same theme, the increase of the passage of buses in the municipality of Natal, approaches two distinct periods, 2005 (Vampire Hunt of Public Transport and Season and the 2012 (Revolta Do Busão), in which the repertoire and the political narrative of the movement were quite different. In the first case, the traditional entities of the movement, with their methods of organization and action prevailed. In the second case, in 2012, despite the participation of traditional entities (UMES, APES, DCE UFRN), they were not able to repeat the 2005 repertoire and not even the interpretation of the movement on the transportation problem. Thus, the starting point of this dissertation is: Why did the 2005 protest differ from 2012? What has changed in the political and organizational context of the movement for change in the repertoire and in the interpretative framework on transportation? The protests against the increase of the bus ticket in Natal in 2005 and 2012 lasted several weeks, attracted the attention of the media and society, and were composed of analytical dimensions that deserve to be studied from the tool developed by the research agenda of the collective action. The initial hypothesis of this dissertation is that, as of 2006, the traditional entities of the student movement enter into a crisis of articulation of material resources, in the face of the loss of funding of the student's portfolio, thereby depleting their repertoire of performance against the increase of the bus ticket. These entities, with repertoire dependent on material resources, enter into crisis and leave a vacuum in the movement, which is occupied by MPL. The MPL was already organizing itself nationally with a repertoire less dependent on material resources

and opposed to the repertoire of the traditional entities of the movement. The trigger for this was the 2012 Bus Revolt. With the traditional student movement divided in its tactics and institutionally weakened, the unity of the MPL and its relationship with organizations present in the traditional student movement produce strength behind the scenes generating a predominance of its repertoire and framework interpretative in the protests of 2012.

Space is produced by social, political and economic relations. In it there are the exchanges, the meetings, the festivities and the daily life that dynamizes the city. Among the dynamics found in the city are the popular festivals, present since the formation of most Brazilian cities. The culture of the city of Currais Novos, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, is strongly influenced by the Roman Catholic Church, identified through religious rites and socio-spatial appropriations. However, the biggest religious festival in Currais Novos is the Feast of Sant'Ana, which has been absorbing new cultural manifestations with "profane" characteristics since the 20th century. In this process of festive resignification, it is perceived that socio-spatial and cultural practices interfere in the appropriations of individuals and groups. The aim of the present research was to analyze the socio-spatial and cultural relations of Currais Novos / RN, starting from the Feast of Sant'Ana, identifying how they contribute to the contemporary idea of the city and taking into account the spatial triad of Lefebvre and Soy. The research followed a qualitative and ethnographic approach, through observation techniques and semi-structured interviews. This methodology allowed us to approach the perception of socio-spatial practices of the shared and practiced discourse regarding public spaces and culture in Currais Novos / RN. It was concluded that the socio-spatial and cultural practices of Currais Novos are based on the re-significances of the appropriations and dominations of individuals and groups. However, it is the appropriation that will make possible the irreconcilable space, where the different identities and intentions of profit, ideology and "partying" combine.

The present research investigates the environmental crisis context and its consequences for costal cities’ population, analyzing climate change impacts which can lead to sea level rise, forcing the withdrawal/retreat of coastal dwellings, local infrastructures’ destruction, the consequent coastal erosion and flooding by waves’ transpositions and tsunamis. These changes can lead to obstruction of channel outlets and saline intrusion into fresh water hydrous bodies resulting in scarcity. In addition, it investigates the mechanisms for confronting the resolution of this problem by the State, the industry and civil society. The general objective is to analyze how the climate change phenomenon is felt by the population of the urban beaches in Natal / RN. The specific objectives are: a) to carry out the diagnosis of the vulnerabilities derived from climate change in urban beaches in Natal-RN; b) understand how social actors are adapting to climate change in the beach; and c) verify if strategies are being implemented for mitigation and adaptation on beaches in Natal-RN. The research approach is qualitative and exploratory, being carried out through direct observations, documentary and field research, with semi-structured interviews. The case study covered two beaches in Natal / RN (Ponta Negra and Redinha), chosen because they have above-allowed balneability indexes, suffer from the climate change process and they are strategically used by several socioeconomic actors as a source of income. Nowadays, the main coastal socio-environmental problems detected in Rio Grande do Norte are the lack of preparation for climate change events due to sea level rise and coastal erosion, creating a scenario of vulnerabilities and, consequently, risk to families living or carry out economic activities in coastal cities.

Culture is at the center of discussions about the individual and his ability to relate to the world. Their access reinforces the importance of their contact for human and social enrichment. Hence, the research is based on this relevant area of knowledge, with the objective of adding in its aspects of construction of environments of distance or approach, based on the cultural promotion of actions and cultural productions that fall within this field. It was necessary, therefore, to understand culture as a heterogeneous field of struggles and dominations. From anthropological and sociological contributions, and emphasizing the cultural policies that represent one of the main means of access to cultural activities, they reveal eminent conflicts that influence the ways of constituting inclusive or exclusionary

environments. Therefore, the way in which cultural policies are developed and executed represent the collection of interesting elements to understand the existing disputes, discourses, actors and agents in the cultural field, and how they are directing actions in this sector by intensifying ways to strengthen or weaken social relations present in this universe. The study assumes that the construction of inclusive cultural environments is based fundamentally on the promotion of policies that contemplate the daily dynamics already established by being intertwined with the aspects of identity and individual and collective recognition. The work then seeks to reflect on cultural policy and its ability to constitute environments of inclusion or exclusion, based on the value or not of the local aspects. In this way, we used the experiences of the city of São Miguel do Gostoso and more specifically the event of the Gostoso’s Cinema Show as an instrument to understand how cultural production and cultural practices can be linked in a movement that seeks the insertion of individuals in these social, economic and cultural development. Therefore, the research consists of an ethnographic investigation of this field seeking to evidence the actors and agents present in this space, through a bibliographical survey and then, of observations, interviews and photographs in the studied place.

The Metropolitan Region of Natal was marked by major changes in its urban context. The expansion of the cities brought with it the problem of disorder in the urban centers caused by the process of urbanization and population growth, which reflected in its socio-spatial organization, accompanied by social and territorial inequalities. This organization has contributed with areas that were segregated by populations in situation of socio-environmental vulnerability, that can cause strong impacts on the soil due to misuse and occupation. Thus, organization of space, economic activities, the way of living in urban spaces, soil degradation, evidence factors that can cause changes in climate change. In this sense, the purpose of this dissertation is to understand how the dynamics of RMN socio-spatial organization can influence socioenvironmental vulnerability, analyzing how the municipalities integrate the perspective of climate adaptation. In order to carry out the research, the used methodological procedures follow the guidelines of a qualitative and quantitative research, aiming to understand the metropolitan dynamics, environmental and climatic impacts through bibliographic reviews of articles, books, documents and data collection instruments. With this in mind, in this research, the quantitative data were based on the microdata of the 2010 Demographic Census and on the Municipal Basic Information Survey (MBIS- 2017), both from IBGE, and also on the 2010 Social Vulnerability Atlas (SVA) presented by IPEA. Respectively, these data provide demographic, socioeconomic and environmental information. It may be concluded that the socio-spatial organization of RMN presents an uneven territorial distribution, as a result of socioeconomic factors, which reflect in the urban and climatic alterations, resulting in a context of socio-environmental vulnerability, being necessary to build mechanisms to adapt to climate change, adding strategies that reduce the risks posed by climate change.

In Brazil, the state of Rio Grande do Norte has been notable in the last ten years, due to the increasing rise of wind energy exploration. The official discourse shows that the coastal winds are the driving force for local and regional development, through the activity, in a "clean" and sustainable way. They generate employment and income at the same time, together with the idea of minimum environmental impact and minimum negative externalities. The literature on the presence of wind power projects, especially the one that shows the European experience, points to another perspective. That is, for the existence of negative effects and impacts in the places of installation of wind farms, namely, generating a dispute with other economic activities such as tourism and fishing, and with strong social and environmental impacts, such as changing the dynamics of communities the degradation and suppression of the landscape, and the direct impact on fauna and flora. Also in Rio Grande do Norte these impacts have been felt, which are the source of socio-environmental conflicts caused by the insertion of wind farms in several municipalities, accentuating the dispute over land occupation. From the perspective of some theorists, these conflicts erupt at the moment when the community or social interest groups act in defense for the use of the space they have always used, entering into a dispute against this occupation and against the occurrence of unwanted effects of this activity on the environment . That is, they occur when a community practice is threatened by negative impacts caused by the installation of wind towers. In this sense, environmental conflicts in a context traditionally characterized by clientelistic relations and control of land and power, which may configure a new approach to the wind conflict, not against its installation, but by the pressure to locate in spaces of more influential owners, who through the wind can guarantee an extra income. In summary, it is objective to identify the actors involved, to address the specificity of these conflicts and the visibility they take on the public agenda.

The research was developed with the objective of analyzing the problem of the permanence of man in the field, considering a case study carried out in the municipality of Pedro Velho located in a region characterized by the historical land concentration concentrated by the exploitation of the sugarcane monoculture that reflected in the process of occupation and formation of this territory located in the East Potiguarmesoregion, Northeastern region of Brazil, and had as main consequence, serious social inequalities, the expropriation of man. The thesis presents the limitations and anxieties of family farmers who try to remain in the agricultural activity, exercising the office of farmer (a), in this context the sample of the research analyzed corresponds to 11% of the agricultural establishments of the municipality, where were applied 28 questionnaires closed for parents and children, totaling 56 participants. We establish categories of analysis from the source of the income obtained to evaluate the strategies adopted by these families to guarantee social reproduction. In this clipping, it was examined how agricultural and livestock activities support the construction and transmission of knowledge in the succession process of the activity and of all cultural patrimony, specific to those who live in the countryside. Thus the strategies used by the rural families to promote the succession of this office and the permanence of the family in the field point to a combination of several activities capable of promoting also the succession of intangible heritage. The role of farmer (a) becomes a channel in this process, structuring the learning of agricultural know-how, which begins in childhood and consolidates in adulthood. The consolidation of the farmer's office and, consequently, the permanence of the young people in the field depends on an infrastructure that allows the production and generation of sufficient income for the maintenance of the family, but in the current conjuncture the families researched are not able by themselves, of overcoming the constraints on the permanence of these actors in the agrarian space. There is a set of factors that restrict and weaken the development of agricultural activities in the researched area, the main one being access to land. The Public Policies have a great influence on the development of agricultural activities for rural families, given the small financial capacity of the family farmers to make investments in their activities, so the state intervention must be more intense and continues to meet the social demands of the field population to ensure its reproduction.

The sense of urban insecurity is not an isolated fact. The modification of the pattern of housing and habitation has consolidated urban spaces devoid of vitality. Daily exposure to fear of violence contributes to the process of urban segregation. In Brazil, individual solutions to collective problems are intensified. We point to the growing number of vertical residential condominiums in the city and self-segregation process, where the real estate market to sell the desired "quality of life" builds controlled spaces with high walls, cameras and electric fences. However these elements have real reflections in the space of the city. From the literature we see that desertification of urban space is one of the key factors in the perception of insecurity, because space loses attractiveness, and people attract people, which generates the desired urban vitality. Some aspects that corroborate for urban desertification have origins in architecture. All these negative aspects are understood as lack of civility. Urbanity is characteristic of the architecture of the city, proper to the relationship between space and people. The condition of urbanity will therefore be in the way the city welcomes and receives people, the body. When there is urbanity there tends to be vitality. In the same way, when architecture takes on limiting forms: visual, physical and social, this architecture is hostile. The debate is thus addressed to the question of human scale which returns the discursion to the space of vertical residential condominiums, which by the neoliberal management of urbanism allows to build a public space in a private, closed to the city and denying the street. Thus we understand hostile architecture as an active element in the feedback of the perception of the sense of urban insecurity, as it limits and conditions the experience of urban space between equals, and produces "extramural" arid, impermeable, disproportionate spaces on a human scale. For research, the neighborhood of Espinheiro, in the city of Recife, was studied because it was the neighborhood that most verticalized in the city within the study cut, being modifier of the standard of the dwelling and the way of inhabiting.

The inclusion of the population in the process of producing public policies has become a legal requirement since the promulgation of the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988. From that moment on the relationship between state and society was changing and the emergence of participatory processes/mechanisms, such as the elaboration of participatory Pluriannual Plans (PPAs) could be observed within the public management. However, we must analyze, especially in the current context of political-democratic crisis, in which the Union has extinguished channels of social participation, if, in fact, citizens have actually been inserted in these processes; indeed, the forms of social participation fostered by government and/or society have been effective in co-producing public policies. In this sense, the present dissertation, adopting a theoretical and empirical approach, aims to analyze the social participation in the coproduction of public policies in the context of the elaboration of the 2018-2021 Pluriannual Plans in municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Natal (RMNatal), defining it in each of the PPAs elaborated, according to the synthesis of social participation typologies developed by Salm and Menegasso (2010), in Non Participation/Participation by convention, Symbolic Participation, Partnership Participation and/or Representative Participation. From the theoretical point of view, this study will address concepts such as participatory democracy, coproduction of public policies, social capital and social participation. In the empirical part, the objective is to conduct a descriptive-analytical research, in which it is adopted the application of qualitative methods aimed at collecting secondary data from documentary and bibliographic research, with consultations to the PPA's own, reports, websites and networks as well as access to primary data, through semi-structured interviews with the actors (political and social) involved in these processes. The results point to ineffective participatory experiences in the analyzed municipalities, which suggests that despite the legal requirements since 1988, the methodologies adopted by these municipalities have weaknesses, which may compromise the execution of public policies that meet the real needs of the population. It is expected, with the studies and analyzes presented in this paper, to contribute to the literature focused on the co-production of public policies, in order to problematize the forms of social participation adopted for this, especially those applied in municipalities of the RMNatal in the process of elaboration of PPA's, which consist of important planning instruments for the development of cities and, consequently, of the metropolis.

Since redemocratization, political participation in Brazil has been constituted through various mechanisms, such as management councils, participatory budgets, participatory master plans, conferences, among others. This institutionalization took place initially at the local level and more recently at the national level. However, the growth of political participation in Brazilian democracy puts the “issue of effectiveness” in contemporary debate for both the implementation of public policies and democracy (AVRITZER, 2011). In this sense, the objective is to analyze social participation in the municipal health policy in Macaíba / RN in 2017 and 2018. The hypothesis that the study considers that the more inclusive, participatory and integrated the institutionalized space for social participation (CMS Macaíba / RN), the greater its effectiveness in relation to public policies. From a qualitative research approach, data collection adopted the following research techniques: theoretical study from bibliographical references that deal with the effectiveness of participatory institutions, social participation and participatory democracy among other concepts that contributes to the theoretical discussion. and practice of the object studied; secondary data research, interviews, document analysis through acts of municipal administration, which concern the minutes, ordinances, bylaws, laws, reports and other publications that support the analysis regarding the dimensions / characteristics of participation in municipal policy. Of health. It was identified that the characteristics of board inclusion have a certain underrepresentation or a low inclusion in variables such as age and education of the counselors in relation to the sociodemographic data of the population of Macaíba / RN. And when it comes to the debate, participation and connection that in short, are directly related to the ability of the board to influence health policy making

The objective of this work is to make an analysis of the process of diffusion of public policies taking as a case study the RN Sustentavel Project, the last development project carried out between the government of the state of Rio Grande do Norte and the World Bank. In this sense, it seeks to focus on the investigation of the mechanisms that the literature suggests are explanatory for such process: learning, emulation, coercion and competition. The diffusion of public policies has been configured as a theory to explain the formulation and standards of public policy management, seeking to shed light, from the cognitive analysis, into questions about the motivations of governments to make their decisions. More specifically, it seeks to understand what motivates a government to make decisions previously taken by another government, taking into consideration that these decisions are influenced by external and internal factors. This leads them to copy policies, learn from successful policies by other governments, make decisions based on economic factors in order to compete with other governments, and/or undergo pressure to take certain measures. In this context, an actor with the power to spread practices, ideas and models stands out: the World Bank. With know-how and capillarity around the globe, this institution acts as a diffuser of ideas and models for governments, although this role is limited by the very action of the state bureaucracy, and in the case of Rio Grande do Norte, already has been operating since the 1970s. The last loan agreement with this state demonstrates that it is possible to understand it through the mechanisms of diffusion already mentioned. In fact, it was concluded that it is not possible to understand this process by analyzing only a single mechanism. In the case of RN Sustentável, evidence of the action of all mechanisms was found, although in a more marked way the mechanisms of emulation and learning. Qualitative analysis was used as a methodology with the help of NVivo software to organize and analyze the data

In order to conceive and implement an urban planning instrument such as the Master Plan, in addition to technical capacity and social participation, it is also necessary to understand how the public machinery works and interpret "The Management", which is basically based on the articulations and negotiations of public managers that considerably impact on the urban planning in cities. Therefore, aiming to understand these actions and effects in a territory such as Natal/RN, the purpose of this research is to trace the recent trajectory of the urban planning of the city, from 1988 to 2012, in the field of politics and management. Thus, it was decided to make this choice to contribute to the diffusion of the recent history of the city's management and territorial planning and, more importantly, to understand the relations with municipal politics, territorial planning and the various meaningful transformations that occurred within this period, as well as contribute to the analyzes related to the current revisions of the Natal Master Plan. In this context, the two master plans for the post-enactment of the Federal Constitution of 1988 – one from 1994 and the other from 2007 – were chosen, in conjunction with the politics and the management and their effects in the urban planning of the city, as the objects of analysis of this research. It is acknowledged that the city of Natal/RN followed the urban policy steps from other Brazilian cities, however, it appeared peculiar aspects and political issues that had a strong impact on its planning and urban management. Methodologically, documentary and bibliographical research are intended to be done, detached archivistically between themes, images and specific moments in the history of (urban) planning and management of Natal; in addition to an explanatory research with historical procedures to identify operative factors and planning inoperability from a retrospective; and the field research, which will be done followed by interviews with open questions for a former Mayor, secretaries, technicians and other persons that stood out in the processes of the Master Plans of 1994 and 2007. Finally, this research also aims to influence reflection and academic debate, so that other researchers at the national level may study the Master Plan from an institutional, political, administrative, historical, with more human sense, and not only as a technical, legal, rough and bureaucratic instrument.

In the face of growing energy demand and environmental crisis situations, alternatives have been formulated to produce clean energy. In this context, wind energy emerges as one of the most potent alternatives for Brazil and for Rio Grande do Norte. However, despite the arguments favorable to the installation, it does not prevent conflicts being fought in the territory. In Rio Grande do Norte, one of the major expressions of this conflictive dynamics was the municipality of Galinhos in the implementation of the first wind farm, leading civil society to organize the 'Embracing the Dunes' movement, where it was questioned the allocations of the towers in the dune complex in a Permanent Preservation Area. There, the natural landscape and the maintenance of tourism and fishing activities were interwoven. The case of Galinhos, together with the recommended bibliographical references, has given us the understanding that the environmental justifications for the expansion of this energy should not be limited to the renewable issue or the low emission of carbon dioxide, but must also be established in the territory, from the moment of its insertion. Thus, in order to understand the dynamics that circumscribe wind power, we ask the question: how do the population experience these wind farms? Thus, perception and environmental perception are the basic categories for this investigation. The objective of this research was to investigate the perception of residents of Galinhos on wind developments and the identification of the associations made between wind energy and the environment from the perspective of environmental perception, based on a qualitative methodological design using structured interviews, daily and photographs as instruments for the composition of narratives. The results point us towards an acceptance of energy, although negative considerations are made regarding the non-use of this energy source in the territory itself and the transformations in the dunes. It should be noted that the associations between wind energy and the environment are mostly negative or conditioned, even those interviewed presenting an environmental perception in a certain way, which leads us to conclude that the environmental justifications previously advocated are not assimilated to the detriment others that emerge in the light of its implementation.

Family farming is a social group that, although a product of the process of occupation of rural areas since colonization, came to be formalized only in 1996, through Decree No. 1946 of June 28, 1996, after a long period of pressure for changes. From the reordering of the studies on the theme and its formalization, family agriculture became the target of several public policies. However, despite settled it’s positioning, market access has always been a major obstacle to the development of this group, since it was excluded and did not benefit from the modernization of the Brazilian countryside. The market, institution that has several virtues, due to its functioning mechanisms and its product selection criteria, ends up excluding these small farmers precisely because they do not fit these criteria. In Brazil, the adoption of regulated markets (institutional markets) for family farming proved to be efficient for the insertion of these groups in the market, opening up new possibilities for reproduction in rural life. These markets follow the interaction logic of redistribution and centrality described by Polanyi (2000), offering a viable alternative for the insertion of marginalized social groups in the market circuits. It is from these perspectives that this work seeks to analyze which the limitations for the insertion and continuity of the family farmers in the Programa do Leite Potiguar (PLP) and the PAA-Leite, since both programs are subject to dispute by sectors of society. For this, we analyze the institutional arrangements of both programs, observing their unfolding over time and how they influenced the insertion of family agriculture. In addition, we also analyze the limitations faced by family farmers themselves, through the collection of primary data and a characterization built on secondary data. After the research execution, the results show that the limitations are diverse, with the geographical dispersion and the limitations of the productive nature being the most latent by the producers' side. With regard to the institutional arrangements adopted by the programs, it is worth noting that the model adopted by the PLP, ended up placing the market as an allocation of criteria for producers selection. This fact ended up influencing both the PAA-Leite activities, as also limiting the insertion of farmers in both programs, since for the dairy industries, dependent on the PLP to function, it is essential that the program is not paralyzed. In establishing selection criteria that small producers cannot meet, dairy companies seek to mitigate the costs inherent in the insertion of family farmers in the programs, since the category needs a differentiated institutional arrangement to be included in the programs.

As a result of a long historical-cultural construction of conventions about acceptable standards of "normality" of the human body, the brazilian cities have developed for people in the physical fullness, for the standard man, where their spaces exclude those who have physical restrictions of mobility, especially the persons with disabilities. The brazilian city of Natal also reproduced this logic, where its sidewalks, streets, urban spaces, aspects and general structures of the public transport system manifest several physical and attitudinal barriers that generate the urban segregation of those who cannot transpose these obstacles by reason of their physical limitations. All this in disagreement with the constitutional right of “to come and go” and with the wide legislation that deals of the accessibility in Brazil. Therefore, this dissertation aimed to know the vision of the main social agents directly involved with the issue of accessibility in Natal about the possible reasons of noncompliance of the brazilian laws of accessibility in this city. It is an applied research, with a predominantly qualitative approach, that used in the technical procedure: documentary research, bibliographic survey in authors as Garcia (2012), Lippo (2012), Cambiaghi (2012), Harvey (2014) and Gehl (2015), and the application of interviews to twenty four persons who have direct relationship or interfaces with the accessibility distributed in six groups composed of public and private agents, with the purpose of knowing the reasons that lead this city to not complying the brazilian laws and norms of accessibility, and the collected data were analyzed through the inductive method. At the end of this research, it was verified that there are strong indications that such problem is due, among other factor, to the fact that the municipal public administration of Natal focuses its interventions in isolated aspects of the city, but not in all those that integrate the logistics cycle of locomotion of people with disabilities or reduced mobility that use the public transport system, generating then "islands of accessibility" within a predominantly inaccessible city.

From the promulgation of the Federal Constitution of 1988, a vast institutionalization of spaces for the exercise of social participation was initiated in Brazil, among which are included, for example, public policy management councils; participatory budgets; conferences and forums and predicting the democratic management of cities in the municipal master plans. Recently, the question of the representativeness of actors acting on behalf of civil society in public policy boards has been widely discussed in the literature. Such questions rest on the legitimacy of these actors to act and, consequently, to influence the deliberations and the decision-making processes in the participatory instances. In this way, the study and the understanding of this representation becomes fundamental, since these spaces of participation extend the political representation beyond the electoral model. In the sense of the foregoing, the present research aims to investigate the exercise of political representation of civil society in the Municipal Health Council of Natal and the State Health Council of Rio Grande do Norte, in 2017. In order to carry out the proposed study, were adopted as methodological strategies the analysis of the institutional design; the conduct of semi-structured interviews with the directors who exercised their representation in the year 2017; and, finally, the documentary analysis of administrative acts as a way of verifying the performance of representatives of civil society in the decisions of both councils.

The present research had as by object the reception of the fiscal renunciation policy in the state of Rio Grande do Norte and in the municipality of Natal. Created in 1986, through the Sarney Law (n° 7,505 / 86), the model described was developed as a way that the State found to remove from itself the responsibility for the industry's investment in comment, since it is transferred to the private ents the decisions about the cultural financing, by means of tax deductions granted to it. After the Sarney Law came into force, the Rouanet Law (n° 8,313 / 1991), which has operated up to the present day, came into force and served as a mirror for states and municipalities to create their local cultural legislations. In the state of Rio Grande do Norte, have the Câmara Cascudo Law (n° 7999/1999) and, in its capital, Natal, the Djalma Maranhão Law (n° 4,838 / 1997), both acting as the main responsible for local cultural financing . In this perspective, the present research aimed to reflect on the reception of said policy in the cultural production of the city of Natal - RN. An empirical research was carried out in which managers, producers and cultural groups were interviewed at the local level, mainly a reflection about the sufficiency or not of this financing model for the local cultural productive chain. Finally, the research concluded the insufficiency of the politics analyzed in the face of the reality of the local cultural production, reason that is justified by the lack of interest of the business class towards the cause of the cultural patronage and, mainly, by the absence of campaigns of sensitization and stimuli so that this class opened up more possibilities for cultural support, which should be managed by the organs of supervision and promotion of the local culture sector.

The city since its origin is characterized by being a place of protection of the human being. Even being a symbol of security and better survival conditions, fear permeates the imagination of its residents. Violence and crime are also part of this story. Although to a certain extent it is no more than a sensation, insecurity in the city has subjectively influenced people away from socializing with others and public spaces. Therefore, the present work aims to understand the relationship between the individual and the city under the aegis of the culture of fear, in the city of Natal, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Next, to know the strategies of the citizens and of the public power used for the management of the fear in the city and the consequent use of the public spaces. The present investigation is qualitative, based on semi-structured interviews with state and municipal public security managers and also with representatives of civil society entities. In general, the public managers were categorical in affirming that the citizen should not be afraid of the criminality. Representatives of civil society organizations have pointed to the city as having a high crime rate and, as a consequence, a feeling of insecurity that is very worrying. For them, the State is no longer willing to provide the service, either because of lack of staff, lack of investment or the absence of the State in Education as the main factor in generating crime.

This research proposes a discussion among the theories dedicated to understanding the phenomenon of labor relations within the Jeep automotive hub, located in the city of Goiana-PE. Such attempts have been sought to construct an approach in order to think from the transformations of the accumulation regime and its implications on the lives of factory workers. The study at first verified the changes of the automobile industry with regard to the organization of work in the passage from Fordism to Toyotism. Within the regime of flexible accumulation, companies start to demand new skills from their workers, knowledge, communication and cooperation play a fundamental role in the production line. In order to understand how the organization of production and work in the Jeep automotive pole is carried out, the characteristics of a flexible worker who lives for work, polyvalent and proactive, has been identified. In order to meet the objectives proposed in this study, we used the qualitative method of analysis, through in-depth interviews with factory workers. The choice of this method made it possible to verify the daily reality of the workers, so that they could relate a little of their social experiences, the work routine and their life histories. It was thus verified, old and new forms of exploitation, in which the subjectivity of the worker happens to be also incorporated in this factory process.

The question of environment on a global scale was raised in association with various scenarios, which gradually reach a state of urgency and set the agenda for the environmental meetings starting from the 1970's. In Brazil, with the institution of the National Policy for Solid Residue - PNRS (Law 12.305/2010), a normative and institutional framework of put in place for the management of solid residue, electronic waste (REEE) among them, having as its main instruments sector agreements and reverse logistics. This research investigated how the REEE management is structured in the city of Natal/Brazil, based on the recommendation of the PNRS. Employing the qualitative method, this work had bibliographical research and document research as its methodological procedures. The field research took place in the period between 2015 and 2017. In it, direct observation in two REEE managing companies in Natal was carried out. Semi-structured interview with agents from the private sector were also made and, similarly, with representatives of public management who work in environment and residue management. It was verified that city public management had not consolidated knowledge on REEE, since the priorities of City Hall are directed towards other segments of reverse logistics. The current structures are limited to periodic campaigns for the collection of this type of residue. In this perspective, Natal fits into the residue recycling production chain by the possibility of economic gain, which distance the current actions from consolidating reverse logistics in accordance with the demands of the PNRS.

The question of environment on a global scale was raised in association with various scenarios, which gradually reach a state of urgency and set the agenda for the environmental meetings starting from the 1970's. In Brazil, with the institution of the National Policy for Solid Residue - PNRS (Law 12.305/2010), a normative and institutional framework of put in place for the management of solid residue, electronic waste (REEE) among them, having as its main instruments sector agreements and reverse logistics. This research investigated how the REEE management is structured in the city of Natal/Brazil, based on the recommendation of the PNRS. Employing the qualitative method, this work had bibliographical research and document research as its methodological procedures. The field research took place in the period between 2015 and 2017. In it, direct observation in two REEE managing companies in Natal was carried out. Semi-structured interview with agents from the private sector were also made and, similarly, with representatives of public management who work in environment and residue management. It was verified that city public management had not consolidated knowledge on REEE, since the priorities of City Hall are directed towards other segments of reverse logistics. The current structures are limited to periodic campaigns for the collection of this type of residue. In this perspective, Natal fits into the residue recycling production chain by the possibility of economic gain, which distance the current actions from consolidating reverse logistics in accordance with the demands of the PNRS.

Housing is a social right guaranteed by the 1988 Brazilian Constitution; its implementation imposes the observance of several other rights according to international treaties ratified by the Brazilian State, such as the right to an adequate standard of living with equal access to all public goods and quality services. Housing is at the same time a social right and a physical good. It is inserted in the context of economic, political and territorial changes that occurred worldwide under the aegis of neoliberal thought and practices, becoming yet another element of consumption in the market. The inversion of the direction in the social production of housing - from a right to goods - conditions its realization to a quantitative purpose, a goal, replacing the struggle for housing with the fight against credit. Given this new dynamic, the research started from the premise that the convergence of Housing as another Consumer-Citizen right, rather than a Social Law, is also caused by the emphasis that public policies have more recently taken in meeting the interests of the market, that is, to provide an accumulation of capital through the expansion of the commodity "social housing" as an object of consumption. The research has as its subject the relationship between Housing and Citizenship and it aims to understand the effects of housing policy on the consolidation of Citizenship as an element of integration regarding to the Right to the City. The questions which are the basis of the research are: Can a housing policy increase or impair the sense of citizenship from a part of the population? Is housing the basic condition for Citizenship to occur in an expanded way? The results of the study revealed that the acquisition of an own property through a government program generates a sense of social belonging to the individual, implicitly granting him/her the status of 'citizen'. When leaving illegal conditions and/or irregular housing and assuming duties resulting from a legal and regular housing the individual becomes a holder of rights, with a voice to claim them before the State, however this is not full citizenship. The leading of the investigation on the research subject was guided by a dialectical understanding of the discussion on Citizenship and Housing, which allowed capturing the essence of this relation that we intend to establish, based on the bibliographical review and field research carried out in a property development in phase 1 of the Housing Program Minha Casa Minha Vida.

The urban fragmentation is a recent phenomenon that spreads over the world. It has as the main characteristic physical and symbolical distances. Specifically, this phenomenon is related to the polarization that is growing between public and private world, resulting in the broken of physical and symbolical connection of those worlds. Cities also present old symptoms of media classes’ self-segregation, many times associated to the closed condominiums. Those habitations give protection and strengthens from the “treat” of the city, as well as they assure an apparent quality of life. This study aims to analyze, considering connection between local and global, how a closed condominium contributes to the phenomenon of urban fragmentation, based on case study of Jardim Atlântico condominium, situated between Natal and Parnamirim/RN. To consider global and local, it is an ethnographic research, specifically direct observation associated to the documental analyze, and qualitative interview related to the city dynamics. It concludes that condominium intern dynamic linked to the city dynamic have influence in the resident representations, that detaches differences between public and private world of those people. To them, the city is full of organized little islands in a peculiar way to the public object, made to pass through by their cars. Those routes connected to the desire to go to the little island are the real gaps that expresses city negation. 

Minha Casa, Minha Vida is a program created by the federal government, which aims to reduce the housing deficit in Brazil by providing the population of the most diverse income levels with the possibility of acquiring the home. This study aims to verify the impact of the Minha Casa, Minha Vida Program within the reality of the Metropolitan Region of Natal (RMNatal), in order to verify the real effect of this public policy at the national level, on the social mobility of its beneficiaries. To this end, the work proposes to analyze the nature, Minha Casa, Minha Vida, located in the RMNatal, in the city of Ceará-Mirim, in order to verify if the housing program has had ascending or descending effects, with respect to the theme of social mobility. It is important to emphasize that the present work will evaluate the experience of a group of individuals inserted in the program and try to establish, then, a parallel with the existing literature about the program, with the objective of comparing perspectives and then produce an unbiased analysis about this object of study. The work will bring a sociological approach on social mobility, highlighting the cases that are experiencing experiences of descent or descent in relation to the change of social stratification, among the beneficiaries of the program.

As transformações urbanas ocorridas a partir de 1980 modificaram a dinâmica das cidades. A criatividade passou a ter um papel preponderante no desenvolvimento econômico, social e cultural. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar e confrontar os conceitos de cidade criativa e disneylandização, a partir da produção cultural realizada durante a festa de Sant’Ana de Caicó/RN, na região do Seridó Potiguar. Para dar sustentação ao trabalho, tomamos por base teórico-metodológica o conceito de cidade criativa utilizado por Charles Landry e Elsa Vivant, bem como o de Disneylandização proposto por Alan Bryman e Michael Sorkin. A metodologia adotada foi abordagem etnográfica, que privilegia o trabalho de campo por um determinado período, no qual são coletados dados empíricos através da observação e realização de entrevistas, além do diário de campo e fotografias, que ajudam na análise do cotidiano e da cultura do objeto em estudo. Sendo assim, a abordagem metodológica utilizada no trabalho é qualitativa. Por último, partimos das premissas que, tanto a cidade criativa quando a cidade Disneylandizada se desenvolvem a partir de referências ao simbólico, à criatividade, à tematização, ao trabalho performático, ao consumo híbrido, ao merchandising e ao controle e segurança, mesmo que essas dimensões sejam mais expressivas numas do que em outras. Desta forma, conclui-se que Caicó é uma cidade criativa, podendo ser observado nos espaços públicos seu potencial criativo através da promoção dos eventos socioculturais, do planejamento público ao incorporar a cultura como aspecto importante no apoio e promoção dos criativos e na organização dos espaços públicos, criando um ambiente propício para as relações e experiências que facilitam o desenvolvimento cultural, que não perdura apenas no período da Festa de Sant’Ana, mas que permanece durante todo o ano. Entretanto, mesmo que Caicó não seja uma Cidade Disneylandizada nesse período festivo, podemos considera o Complexo Turístico Ilha de Sant’Ana como um espaço permanente da Disneylandização. Por fim, ainda assim, verifica-se que a dimensão de interligação entre Cidade Criativa e Cidade Disneylandizada, está na tematização dos espaços públicos, a qual está incorporada na cultura e na criatividade promovida na cidade de Caicó-RN, durante a Festa da padroeira.

The state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN) stimulated by the Federal Government, through the diversification of the energy matrix of policy, investing in the deployment of wind power parks, creating new economic and employment dynamics in their municipalities. The aim of this study is to demonstrate, from the observation of the relationship between clean energy speech and vulnerable conditions with which we meet the social and environmental impacts in communities surrounding wind farms in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. From a methodological point of view, this study is qualitative and interdisciplinary. He attended a bibliographical and documentary study and data collection from focus groups and interviews. For the analysis was used triangulation technique methods. The results and discussion (i) put in discussion the understanding of wind power as "clean", "green" or "environmentally friendly"; (Ii) present the changing social realities, economic and environmental sites with interaction, but also with potential conflict and tension between the main actors involved in this new dynamics of energy production; (Iii) point out that wind farms are not entirely without environmental impacts and expose the population to social and environmental vulnerability; (iv) state the urgency of thinking shared management with greater transparency and participation of the affected groups, (v) indicate the importance of effective regulatory instruments, financing and licensing more committed to social and environmental justice criteria.

The present dissertation analysis the application of women’s credit foment for the farmer women in two settlements projects located at Espírito Santo municipal district, in Rio Grande do Norte state, analyzing in a macro way the trajectory of politics’ land reform in one perspective of social development possibilities materialized on settlements projects and the fight’s evolution of women for rights equality. Thus, the objective of this research is examine the application of women’s credit foment in one perspective of women’s empowerment benefit on familiar, social, politic and self-esteem dimensions. The settlements of landless Mata Verde and Timbó have been the unique ones contemplated with the credit’s application. The study is a qualitative cut analyzed under the feminist theory, with presentation of semi-structured interviews of fourteen benefit women visualizing the application’s effects. It is been detected that the application under the familiar logic, where the management of the productive activities are under the men’s custody, thus, the women have not been considered as the center of the action’s credit. Despite the achievement of the rights to political action realized by the State, it is questioned the economic empowerment because of the credit application, although it can defend the increase of their position in the family hierarchy and increase their self-esteem.

The practice of cooperativism it has been presented as an important tool to organize initiatives from participating foundations. However, in the region of the Northeast, particularly the Land Hinterland Apodi (RN), cooperative practices contrasts between traditional practices that have business features, where the majority of directors on the board is composed of local power groups, where the vast majority of cooperative members were people with a low level of education let themselves be influenced. And practices of family farms where the mobilization at the base began to emerge unions under another perspective, in order to meet the need of organizing production and marketing of products of family farming. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the factors that promoted the cooperative practices in the Territory Hinterland Apodi (RN), the potential and limitations to the recent development of cooperatives of family farming. The method used in this research was the study of multiple case of qualitative and quantitative character, in which the goal was to analyze the traditional cooperatives and family agriculture in the Territory Hinterland Apodi (RN). The research universe consisted of the identification of 10 cooperatives and 04 cooperatives with traditional molds and 06 cooperatives of family farmers in 04 municipalities of the territory: Apodi, Caraúbas, Itaú and Umarizal. To achieve results forms were applied along the first presidents, current CEO and founding partners. As a result we found that the factors that influenced the cooperative practices in the Hinterland of Apodi territory, were the Catholic Church, evangelical churches, the influence of other cooperatives, the incentive programs. The family farming cooperatives have some characteristics that differ from so-called traditional cooperatives or even to some traditions / practices. But it must be noted that cooperatives are almost always returned to the dominance of capital and eventually droop toward companies with business characteristics and little caring about the interests of its members and of unequal structures. In which the only or almost only be to remain in the market. Those who differ are evidence realized in democratic and supportive management practices identified in our work, help to broaden and deepen the knowledge of the rural cooperative Potiguar and point out some indicators that can later be used in other studies aimed at analyzing such experiments, or even compare them with others who call themselves solidarity. Thus, cooperation is an important instrument to promote rural development and income generation. It is a fundamental activity in the municipalities of Hinterland Apodi territory, where most beneficiaries are the municipalities headquarters of cooperatives. But the difficulties of competition associated with credit difficulties, and lack of legal status of the processing units hindered the development of agricultural cooperatives of family farming Land Hinterland Apodi.

The rural development policy in Brazil has the territorial approach as a strategy and established a few years ago the creation of spaces for diverse social participation, called Council or territorial forums. These spaces should be attended by representatives of various segments of society that make up the political dynamics of the territories: civil society organizations (NGOs, trade unions, associations, unions, social movements, etc.) and public managers (municipal and state secretaries, local authorities and agencies federal as MDA). This work aims to analyze the relations between political representatives considered central in the debate and enforcement actions with territorial focus in Mato Grande / RN. Focus on the influence of their actions in the field conformed discussions from the institutionalized space of participation, the Territorial Council, established under the guidance of this strategy in 2005 as the body of management and social control of state actions. We also seek to understand from the trajectories of these representatives and mobilizing the concept of fields (Bourdieu, 1989.2002) as streamline, influence the internal organization, agendas and decision making in representation spaces (Council and Director Center). Building on participants made observations, as well as in semi-structured interviews with agents considered central, can be glimpsed elements that bring these trajectories. Originating Family Agriculture, the central representatives can exercise the symbolic power (Bourdieu, 1989) in the field of debates and interests and have common points in their trajectories as transit through social and service organizations movements. Processes that reproduce in a context of neglect of municipal administrations and state with this debate, a factor that would condition the reproduction of a low social participation environment surrounding the promotion of rural development, then the perspectives brought by the territorial approach.

The City Statute states that urban policy in general aims to order the full development of the social functions of the city and of urban property and following its presentation points general guidelines for this system, among which stands out in this work regularization land. In this context, impossible to dissociate the land regularization, brief reflections on the right to decent housing in the light of the right to the city. The house only becomes worthy when, in addition to the minimum conditions of physical structure and habitability, is accompanied by proper regulation of access to land and urban property in a context where there is proper urbanization of all your surroundings giving you the fullest sense of to be. Therefore, the right to housing is not an end in itself, requiring an urbanization context with access to basic services and amenities to citizenship. The land regularization, emerges in this scenario as aggregator factor between the housing and the right to the city, contributing to the ordination of the social functions of the city and of urban property. However, although there is wide legal protection of the right to adequate housing, including specific notes on land regularization, it seems that such legal protection, with so many detailed guidelines have not been enough to guarantee the right to the city, revealing apparent conflict between the facts and the standard hypothesis that rising in this research, which is qualitative with three structural axes: the first is embodied on the contributions of some authors about the guiding concepts of work such as the right to the city, right to decent housing , land tenure and social functions of the city and property; the second axis of research is based on an inventory of legislation covering the main relevant legal frameworks with its proper context to better understand the content of such legal protection to the subject; and the third axis presents a dialogue between the concepts discussed and some fragments of relevant government actions to Regularization, in comparison with the inventoried legislation, taking the city of Natal for example empirical.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as condições habitacionais e socioeconômicas de beneficiários do Programa Bolsa Família – PBF da Zona Norte de Natal. Para tanto, foi necessário um levantamento das origens dessa região e de como ocorreu sua expansão no contexto do desenvolvimento urbano local, considerando sua evolução demográfica, em especial, a partir da construção dos conjuntos habitacionais e loteamentos formais e informais. A partir da pesquisa de campo, composta de um piloto in loco com algumas famílias residentes, tornou-se possível iniciar a análise das condições habitacionais que culminou em um estudo detalhado do Cadastro Único do governo federal (CadÚnico), em relação a 100% (cem por cento) dos beneficiários do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) de Natal, com informações qualitativas e quantitativas. A partir desse levantamento geral, fez-se um recorte contemplando apenas os beneficiários residentes na Zona Norte da cidade. Para melhor compreender essa realidade, a pesquisa verificou o déficit habitacional brasileiro, considerando suas origens, contextos históricos e os conceitos utilizados pelas seguintes instituições: Fundação João Pinheiro (FJP), Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA), além do Plano Local de Habitação de Interesse Social (PLHIS) e do Programa das Nações Unidas para os Assentamentos Humanos (UN-HABITAT). Ademais, foram comparados os diversos conceitos de cidade e sua respectiva evolução, considerando a importância do planejamento como instrumento de políticas públicas necessárias às ações governamentais e políticas permanentes de Estado. Aponta-se, como resultado, para a importância da utilização do Cadastro Único do governo federal como instrumento eficaz para mensurar as condições de habitabilidade dos municípios brasileiros.

A indústria criativa tem impulsionado e fortalecido o crescimento de diversos setores econômicos no Brasil e no mundo, estimulando dessa forma a economia local de lugares com cenários atrativos e inovadores para o mercado de consumo. A presente dissertação tem como foco estudar a relevância dos eventos culturais para a economia criativa, bem como estes podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento social, cultural e econômico na Praia da Pipa, localizada no Rio Grande do Norte (Brasil). Os eventos culturais promovem ambientes tematizados e criativos que funcionam como mecanismo de atração para o aumento do consumo cultural, gastronômico e de lazer social. Na Praia de Pipa têm-se realizado eventos culturais e temáticos como o Festival Literário da Pipa, Fest Bossa & Jazz da Pipa, Festival Literário Alternativo da Pipa e o Festival Gastronômico da Pipa, os quais conseguem atrair público local, estadual, nacional, bem como, internacional. A pesquisa realizada caracteriza-se como estudo de caso quanto aos procedimentos empíricos e de metodologia mista quanto à abordagem do problema. A pesquisa de campo caracteriza-se pela abordagem etnográfica, com recurso às técnicas de observação participante, entrevista semiestruturada e registro fotográfico. Como resultados da pesquisa podemos salientar, que a Praia da Pipa promove eventos culturais que movimentam a dinâmica econômica, social e cultural, inserindo novos hábitos culturais neste espaço urbano, e em alguns casos, resgatando a própria história do lugar. Em cada evento, as forças econômicas e políticas se conectam para promover a infraestrutura destes eventos, subsidiando a oferta de serviços e produtos, a partir dos setores criativos e culturais. A tematização dos eventos estudados mergulha o público em histórias que podem ter (ou não) conexão com a história local. Assim sendo, percebe-se que o presente trabalho traz à luz um lugar que se apresenta como protagonista no estado do Rio Grande do Norte em termos de renovação e mudança econômica, social e cultural em sua infraestrutura e na sua potencialidade de atração turística, a partir dos setores criativos e culturais.

Atualmente o crescimento acelerado dos centros urbanos, o acúmulo de demandas socioambientais, a relação entre políticas públicas e resolução de problemas cada vez mais complexos acentua a sensação de que as cidades passam por uma crise urbana. Esta crise tem como principal característica sua multidimensionalidade, passa por questões econômicas, culturais, éticas, ambientais e, sobretudo, política. No intuito de estudar em profundidade esta crise que se manifesta pelo processo de urbanização e tem nas metrópoles sua exacerbação, foi realizado estudo teórico conceitual acerca do sentido de desenvolvimento sustentável aplicado à realidade das cidades, extraindo desse debate os conceitos: desenvolvimento territorial sustentável, sustentabilidade administrativa e sustentabilidade política. A fim de testar a aplicabilidade prática destes conceitos teóricos, estudou-se em profundidade a realidade da gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos na metrópole de Natal. De acordo com o recente debate teórico, os resíduos compreendem um setor da crise ambiental urbana que melhor representa a relação entre homem e meio ambiente. Garantindo a multidimensionalidade das questões ambientais por meio do Saber Ambiental, foi feito um estudo qualitativo em profundidade, correlacionando os conceitos de desenvolvimento territorial sustentável, governança metropolitana e Saber Ambiental aplicado aos resíduos sólidos. Os resultados apontam para os reais desafios das administrações públicas municipais em compreender, agir e mudar a inércia na qual vêm operando nas últimas décadas. Os resultados também demonstraram a importância de transformar as questões ambientais, em desafios políticos, ou seja, embate por ideias, referências ideológicas e éticas.

O presente trabalho trata dos efeitos gerados pelos desenhos institucionais no comportamento de atores políticos. A literatura que discute as implicações dos arranjos federativos na produção de políticas públicas se aporta em dois argumentos opostos: (1) a configuração federativa provocaria dispersão e variação na provisão de serviços entre os governos subnacionais; e (2) o governo central possuiria mecanismos capazes de induzir a provisão de  políticas nacionais em patamares mais homogêneos, de modo similar a estados unitários. A pesquisa insere-se nesta discussão à medida que aborda os efeitos do desenho institucional do  Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS) nas decisões dos governos estaduais brasileiros. Diante disso, analisou-se a capacidade institucional construída pelos 26 governos estaduais após a implementação do SUAS, concebendo este sistema como mecanismo de definição de atribuições governamentais e de cooperação federativa. Argumenta-se que a existência de uma heterogênea capacidade institucional dos governos estaduais na Assistência Social é resultado da autonomia contida no desenho institucional do SUAS para esse nível de governo. Tal liberdade de atuação relativiza a ideia de que a implementação de sistemas nacionais de políticas públicas geraria efeitos positivos (ou homogêneos) em todos os governos subnacionais, ao mesmo tempo  que impede generalizar a premissa de fragilidade dos estados no plano federativo brasileiro.

A hipótese que sustentamos é de que a atuação heterogênea dos estados, resultado da fragilidade institucional do SUAS, enfraquece a efetividade da política socioassistencial, dificultando a concretização do Estado de Bem Estar brasileiro. Deste modo, ao contrário do que a literatura aponta, argumentamos que a adoção do SUAS pouco contribui com o fortalecimento institucional dos governos estaduais, o que relativiza a proposição que indica efeitos positivos da criação de sistemas nacionais nos governos subnacionais.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo compreender a dinâmica de crescimento da cidade de Ceará-Mirim considerando os aspectos que definem sua atual expansão urbana. Escolheu-se utilizar como aporte metodológico o conceito de espaço como produto e produtor das relações sociais, sendo o mesmo constituído por objetos e ações que se relacionam num processo dialético ao longo do tempo. Como instrumento de pesquisa, realizou-se estudo bibliográfico que caracterizasse os aspectos históricos  de uso e ocupação do solo da região a fim de evidenciar os agentes que explicam sua configuração urbana atual. Em seguida, realizou-se o levantamento de dados secundários para uma análise das atividades econômicas do município e seus respectivos impactos na estrutura social local. Entre esses aspectos, a economia açucareira, mesmo em decadência, aparece como definidora dos limites de crescimento urbano. Na escala regional, outros fatores são discutidos abordando a influência dos processos urbanos formadores da Região Metropolitana de Natal (RMNatal), na qual Ceará-Mirim aparece integrada no nível muito baixo segundo estudo do Observatório das Metrópoles (2013). Contudo, destacamos que nos últimos anos principalmente no vetor de crescimento da BR 406, instalaram-se equipamentos de abrangência metropolitana. Esses objetos estão associados a um discurso imobiliário em que a possível “metropolização” aparece como impulsionadora de investimentos na área de expansão da cidade.

A presente dissertação trata de questões consideradas como essenciais para o desenvolvimento sustentável de orlas e praias urbanas. Muitos desses espaços, mesmo sendo alvo de interesse por parte do Poder Público, do mercado econômico e da população em geral – entre outros fatores, em razão de seu valor paisagístico, de sua importância para o lazer e como base do “Turismo de Sol e Praia” - têm apresentado degradação de ordem estética, sanitária e cultural, ensejando prejuízos e conflitos de ordem ambiental, econômica e social. Com base nessa percepção, a investigação pretende compreender as principais razões desses resultados negativos para os espaços praianos. Com esse objetivo, foi escolhido o estudo de caso de uma típica praia urbana, que é a Praia de Ponta Negra, localizada em Natal, RN. Essa praia, que é associada ao “cartão postal” da cidade, tem sido merecedora de normas urbanísticas municipais que reconhecem legalmente a importância de sua paisagem. Também tem recebido constantes investimentos por parte do Poder Público, com projetos urbanísticos, sob o argumento de deixar o local atrativo para seus usuários. A despeito disso, nos últimos quinze anos, a praia tem convivido com a ampliação de seus problemas, tais como os relativos à balneabilidade da água, à erosão costeira, à desconfiguração de sua paisagem natural. Conflitos sociais também têm sido frequentes nesse recorte temporal: entre moradores da orla e comerciantes que atuam na praia, entre os próprios comerciantes, entre os gestores do espaço e pescadores, entre gestores e comerciantes formais e informais. Muitos desses conflitos sociais e ambientais tomaram proporções tão grandiosas que chegaram a ser judicializados. Partindo da premissa de que os problemas detectados estão relacionados com a questão da racionalidade - entendida como um sistema de valores, normas e ações que relacionam meio e fins – e sustentando a necessidade de uma investigação focada na “racionalidade ambiental”, para se compreender e interpretar a dinâmica dos problemas socioambientais verificados no local, a investigação que norteia o estudo ampara-se na teoria do economista mexicano Enrique Leff, relativa à “racionalidade ambiental”, que, de forma sucinta, pode ser definida como um sistema de valores, normas, ações e relações de meios e fins fundado nos princípios da gestão ambiental e do desenvolvimento sustentável. Entre outros aspectos, a racionalidade engloba planejamento transetorial da administração pública, a participação da sociedade na gestão dos recursos ambientais, a reorganização interdisciplinar do saber, o confronto de interesses opostos e a conciliação de objetivos comum de diversos atores sociais. O estudo avalia a relação entre a “racionalidade ambiental”, nos termos propostos por Enrique Leff, com a gestão, as intervenções urbanísticas e os usos constatados na Praia de Ponta Negra. Para tanto, foram estabelecidos alguns parâmetros de referência que foram considerados na pesquisa como ligados ao desenvolvimento sustentável do ambiente praiano. Os instrumentos de análise escolhidos foram as transformações urbanísticas e os problemas ambientais e sociais que foram alvo de processos judiciais. Também fazem parte do estudo, os problemas que foram objeto de inquéritos civis, que são procedimentos de investigação realizados pelo Ministério Público.A presente dissertação trata de questões consideradas como essenciais para o desenvolvimento sustentável de orlas e praias urbanas. Muitos desses espaços, mesmo sendo alvo de interesse por parte do Poder Público, do mercado econômico e da população em geral – entre outros fatores, em razão de seu valor paisagístico, de sua importância para o lazer e como base do “Turismo de Sol e Praia” - têm apresentado degradação de ordem estética, sanitária e cultural, ensejando prejuízos e conflitos de ordem ambiental, econômica e social. Com base nessa percepção, a investigação pretende compreender as principais razões desses resultados negativos para os espaços praianos. Com esse objetivo, foi escolhido o estudo de caso de uma típica praia urbana, que é a Praia de Ponta Negra, localizada em Natal, RN. Essa praia, que é associada ao “cartão postal” da cidade, tem sido merecedora de normas urbanísticas municipais que reconhecem legalmente a importância de sua paisagem. Também tem recebido constantes investimentos por parte do Poder Público, com projetos urbanísticos, sob o argumento de deixar o local atrativo para seus usuários. A despeito disso, nos últimos quinze anos, a praia tem convivido com a ampliação de seus problemas, tais como os relativos à balneabilidade da água, à erosão costeira, à desconfiguração de sua paisagem natural. Conflitos sociais também têm sido frequentes nesse recorte temporal: entre moradores da orla e comerciantes que atuam na praia, entre os próprios comerciantes, entre os gestores do espaço e pescadores, entre gestores e comerciantes formais e informais. Muitos desses conflitos sociais e ambientais tomaram proporções tão grandiosas que chegaram a ser judicializados. Partindo da premissa de que os problemas detectados estão relacionados com a questão da racionalidade - entendida como um sistema de valores, normas e ações que relacionam meio e fins – e sustentando a necessidade de uma investigação focada na “racionalidade ambiental”, para se compreender e interpretar a dinâmica dos problemas socioambientais verificados no local, a investigação que norteia o estudo ampara-se na teoria do economista mexicano Enrique Leff, relativa à “racionalidade ambiental”, que, de forma sucinta, pode ser definida como um sistema de valores, normas, ações e relações de meios e fins fundado nos princípios da gestão ambiental e do desenvolvimento sustentável. Entre outros aspectos, a racionalidade engloba planejamento transetorial da administração pública, a participação da sociedade na gestão dos recursos ambientais, a reorganização interdisciplinar do saber, o confronto de interesses opostos e a conciliação de objetivos comum de diversos atores sociais. O estudo avalia a relação entre a “racionalidade ambiental”, nos termos propostos por Enrique Leff, com a gestão, as intervenções urbanísticas e os usos constatados na Praia de Ponta Negra. Para tanto, foram estabelecidos alguns parâmetros de referência que foram considerados na pesquisa como ligados ao desenvolvimento sustentável do ambiente praiano. Os instrumentos de análise escolhidos foram as transformações urbanísticas e os problemas ambientais e sociais que foram alvo de processos judiciais. Também fazem parte do estudo, os problemas que foram objeto de inquéritos civis, que são procedimentos de investigação realizados pelo Ministério Público.

O espaço urbano tem se caracterizado também como um espaço de práticas do meio rural, tal qual ocorre em Natal na comunidade de Gramorezinho. O presente estudo teve como público-alvo os agricultores familiares da referida comunidade na Zona Norte de Natal/RN, que praticam agricultura urbana e periurbana, através do cultivo de hortaliças. Este estudo analisou o conjunto de atividades desenvolvidas no local para entender como elas determinam a condição de pluriatividade também num espaço urbano. O fenômeno da pluriatividade consiste na combinação do uso da força de trabalho em atividades agrícolas e não-agrícolas de pelo menos um dos membros da unidade familiar. A agricultura praticada se caracteriza enquanto agricultura urbana e periurbana configurando-se num espaço híbrido (campo/cidade). Esta atividade está inserida numa Zona de Proteção Ambiental (ZPA) e numa Área Especial de Interesse Social (AEIS) definidas pelo Plano Diretor de Natal – 2007. O Projeto Amigo Verde vem promovendo a conversão do cultivo do sistema agrícola convencional para a produção orgânica, em função do uso intensivo de produtos químicos, causando danos diretos à saúde dos agricultores, dos consumidores e consequentemente ao meio ambiente. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram, de acordo Schneider (2004), uma plurifuncionalidade do uso do solo e uma pluriatividade das relações de trabalho pelos membros da unidade familiar, decorrentes de um processo de periurbanização.

Para correntes de pensamento mais próximas do Marxismo, esta aproximação entre Estado e Mercado parece perigosa, entretanto, abordagens mais liberais acreditam que esta pode ser uma estratégia exitosa. Não é a intenção do presente trabalho esclarecer qual das duas correntes está certa, ou se há uma certa, contudo, a compreensão de certos posicionamentos, escolhas permeiam o entendimento conceitual dessa diferença. Procura-se estabelecer sim, uma relação direta entre as estratégias adotadas e seus reflexos na sociedade, interessando mais especificamente os efeitos socioterritoriais.

Como estudo de caso dos impactos socioterritoriais dessas mudanças tem-se o município de Parnamirim-RN, cuja aprovação de financiamentos a produção de habitação de interesse social é a mais significativa do estado.

A presente dissertação busca refletir sobre a acessibilidade nos conjuntos habitacionais do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida, Faixa 1, que compreende as pessoas que recebem de 0 a 3 salários mínimos, no âmbito da Região Metropolitana de Natal – RMNatal - entre os anos de 2009 e 2012. A pesquisa abrange os municípios beneficiados pelo programa: Ceará-Mirim, Extremoz, Macaíba, Monte Alegre, Natal, Nísia Floresta, Parnamirim e São Gonçalo do Amarante. Investigamos os desdobramentos do PMCMV no que se refere ao acesso à cidade, discutindo alguns conceitos ligados ao modo de produção capitalista como segregação residencial e periferização. Buscamos identificar as condições de acessibilidade nos novos conjuntos habitacionais a partir de três categorias que consideramos fundamentais, a saber, a localização dos empreendimentos, a oferta de transporte público coletivo e a disponibilidade de equipamentos públicos, serviços, lazer e bens culturais no entorno desses. Nosso referencial teórico se concentra nas ideias do geógrafo britânico David Harvey na obra “A Justiça Social e a Cidade”, de 1980. Os estudos desenvolvidos por Harvey nos levaram a debater sobre a escolha locacional para a habitação de interesse social, bem como nos permitiu discutir o preço da acessibilidade a esses novos empreendimentos e suas implicações na renda dos indivíduos beneficiados pelo programa, principalmente porque tratamos de uma população de baixa renda. Para a consecução desses objetivos, nos valemos do estudo de caso, incluindo pesquisa documental, documentação fotográfica, registros de observações de campo e conversas informais com moradores, compondo um estudo de natureza qualitativa. À luz do que foi pesquisado e, considerando as questões norteadoras da pesquisa, buscamos refletir sobre os aspectos do programa que podem influenciar sobremaneira nos processos de segregação residencial e periferização da habitação da população de baixa renda a partir da precarização das condições de acessibilidade para a referida população.

O objetivo desse estudo é analisar o efeito da migração sobre o diferencial de renda entre os imigrantes e não-migrantes nordestinos e, com isso, verificar se os imigrantes compõem ou não um grupo positivamente selecionado (que apresenta melhores características não-observáveis como habilidade, espírito empreendedor, dentre outras). O pressuposto que será testado é o de que a presença desses imigrantes afeta a desigualdade de renda da região receptora, o que pode explicar parte da elevada desigualdade deparada no Nordeste brasileiro. O estudo está baseado na literatura de seletividade migratória introduzida por Roy (1951), Borjas (1987) e Chiswick (1999). Será estimada a equação de salários de Mincer (1974) por meio do Método de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários, utilizando as informações dos microdados da amostra do Censo de 2010, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE).  Os resultados que correspondem à comparação do perfil socioeconômico, mostraram que os imigrantes são mais qualificados e, em média, mais bem pagos que os não-migrantes. Com a estimação do modelo, verificou-se que, mantendo as demais variáveis constantes, a renda que os imigrantes auferem é 14,40% maior que a dos não-migrantes. Dessa forma, constatou-se existência de seletividade positiva nas migrações dirigidas à região Nordeste.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é verificar os efeitos da Previdência Social Rural na agricultura familiar da microrregião Serra de São Miguel-RN. O estudo baseou-se em bibliografia disponível sobre a temática, em dados secundários e em um levantamento amostral realizada em três municípios (Encanto, São Miguel e Riacho de Santana) da microrregião. O universo do estudo foram os estabelecimentos da agricultura familiar apontados no Censo Agropecuário de 2006, nesses municípios. A unidade de análise considerada foi a família rural, com as entrevistas sendo aplicadas junto às famílias de agricultores com e sem aposentados rurais. A amostra foi de 94 famílias presentes nos estabelecimentos familiares. Os resultados demonstram que a Previdência Rural atinge um grau de cobertura significativo na zona rural dos municípios pesquisados, com uma média de 1,57 beneficiários por domicílio nas famílias com aposentados. Os dados da pesquisa atestam que a agricultura familiar na microrregião Serra de São Miguel-RN dispõe de poucas condições favoráveis para o seu desenvolvimento, uma vez que, além da escassez de terras e do fator climático da região, as políticas públicas voltadas a totalidade dos agricultores familiares - como o PRONAF e o PAA -, tem sido incapazes de dar respostas efetivas para a melhoria das condições de vida no meio rural, haja vista a quantidade mínima de famílias atingidas por essas políticas, seja em função do desenho ou do ambiente onde elas são operacionalizadas. Neste contexto, se sobressai a importância da Previdência Rural que, em função da aplicação dos dispositivos constitucionais que garantiram a sua universalização, tem sido a única política pública relevante que, de fato, tem atingido a todos os seus potenciais beneficiários. Dada a situação geral da agricultura familiar da microrregião e das características específicas dos estabelecimentos familiares pesquisados, corroborou-se a hipótese de que a aposentadoria rural não contribui diretamente para o aumento/ viabilização da agricultura familiar. Apesar de 57,4% das famílias com aposentados terem declarado utilizar recursos da aposentadoria no custeio da atividade rural desempenhada pela família, o valor médio anual do gasto situou-se apenas em torno de 7,02% do valor anual das aposentadorias auferidas pelas famílias no ano de 2010. Dados os baixos níveis em que se opera a reprodução social da grande maioria dos estabelecimentos familiares da microrregião, a manutenção das famílias representa o principal destino dos recursos previdenciários. Confirmou-se também a hipótese de que a Previdência Rural constitui o principal aporte monetário das famílias com aposentados. Para mais de 93% das famílias com aposentados, as aposentadorias perfaziam 50% ou mais do total da renda monetária familiar, e na composição da renda rural das famílias com aposentados e pensionistas, a renda proveniente das aposentadorias rurais equivalem a 65,24% do total da renda anual obtida pelas famílias. Conclui-se, pois, que a previdência rural, dadas às adversidades para o desenvolvimento da agricultura familiar, da ineficácia operacional das políticas públicas e das poucas oportunidades de geração de renda existente nas economias locais, é a principal responsável pela redução da pobreza e, consequentemente, pelas melhorias das condições de vida das famílias de e com idosos no meio rural da microrregião Serra de São Miguel-RN.

O Bairro Nossa Senhora da Apresentação surgiu na década de 1970, atrelado às políticas habitacionais empreendidas durante o Regime Militar Brasileiro (1964 - 1985), que por sua vez foram financiadas via instituições públicas de provimento da casa própria, como a Companhia da Habitação (COHAB), subordinada ao Banco Nacional de Habitação (BNH).  O Nossa Senhora da Apresentação é considerado um bairro periférico, situado na região administrativa Norte da cidade, onde possui consideráveis extensões territoriais e demográficas  e, por isso, é considerado  o maior bairro da capital Natal e de sua Região Metropolitana. O bairro também se constitui como um espaço urbano que concentra sérios contrastes sociais, econômicos e estruturais que passam a ser externados através de problemas locais, como o da violência, uma vez que estatisticamente ocupa a liderança nas taxas de homicídios da capital. Portanto, o presente trabalho, partindo da análise empírica de três espaços distintos no interior do bairro, tem como objetivo principal analisar como os atores sociais que compõem o cotidiano do Nossa Senhora da Apresentação tecem a imagem do bairro por meio das percepções da segregação e da violência, uma vez que estas duas não são dissociadas no discurso do morador. O trabalho traz como principal contribuição a análise dos impactos desses olhares, que ficam evidentes na formação de estigmas sociais reproduzidos no interior do bairro, na fragmentação do tecido social e espacial e na formação de espaços pobres e elitizados no interior da comunidade abordada, confirmando a hipótese de que estamos diante de uma Nova Periferia urbana.